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Scientific exposure to any chlorhexidine-coated PICC: A potential, multicenter, observational review.
We CRISR/Cas9-engineered a cis-regulatory allele of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, unc-17/VAChT to assess the functional contribution of a "shadowed" enhancer. We observe a selective loss of unc-17/VAChT expression in one cholinergic pharyngeal pacemaker motor neuron class and a behavioral phenotype that matches microsurgical removal of this neuron. Our analysis illustrates the power of understanding cis-regulatory information to manipulate gene expression and control animal behavior.Trametinib (MEKINIST™) is an extremely potent allosteric inhibitor of MEK1/2 that has been approved for treatment of metastatic melanoma and anaplastic thyroid cancer in patients with confirmed BRAFV600E/K mutations. Though highly efficacious, adverse side effects including skin, gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicity, are dose limiting and can lead to treatment termination. Development of a non-invasive tool to visualize and quantify the delivery and distribution of trametinib (either as single agent or in combination with other therapeutics) to tumors and organs would be very helpful in assessing therapeutic index, personalizing individual dose and potentially predict resistance to therapy. To address these issues, we have developed a radiolabeled trametinib and evaluated the in vitro and in vivo properties. 123I-, 124I- and 131I-trametinib, pure tracer analogs to trametinib, were synthesized in >95% purity with average yield of 69.7% and >100GBq/µmol specific activity. Overall, 124I-trametinib uptake in a pose instead of using the current single fixed dose scheme and when combined with radiomic data monitor emergence of therapy resistance. In addition, the production of iodinated trametinib affords researchers the ability to measure drug distribution for improved drug delivery studies.Low detection rate of conventional imaging and unspecific fluctuations of PSA can hamper early diagnosis of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We thus assessed the value of PSMA-PET/CT in the detection of early CRPC (PSA ≤3 ng/mL). Methods We identified 55 patients with early CRPC (PSA≤3 ng/mL) from our institutional database. PSMA-PET/CT and its CT component were interpreted independently by three blinded readers. Primary endpoint was the per-patient detection rate, secondary endpoints were interobserver agreement, and predictors of PET-positivity. Results PSMA-PET/CT was positive in 41/55 (75%) patients. 16/55 (29%) patients had local disease only, 25/55 (45%) had M1-disease. Overall PSMA-PET/CT interobserver agreement was substantial by Landis and Koch criteria (Fleiss' kappa 0.77). Conclusion PSMA-PET/CT localized prostate cancer in 75% of patients. Detection of early CRPC facilitates disease-delaying therapies for local/oligometastatic disease. PSMA-PET/CT is of value in early CRPC and should be included in EAU/PCWG3 CRPC entry criteria.Immunotherapy agents are now entering the clinic in a wide array of malignancies and have provided a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium. These agents enhance the global immune response by modulating the tumor microenvironment but can lead to unconventional patterns of response, challenging the conceptual framework that imaging is a robust surrogate for therapeutic efficacy. There is also increasing evidence that an effective anti-tumor response requires a systemic immune response (SIR) in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues. However, an enhanced SIR can lead to disruption of immunologic hemostasis in healthy tissues, causing adverse events. Better understanding of the complex interplay between tumoral and systemic immune response has been provided through tissue and liquid biopsy. However, the applicability of these methods is constrained by the biological, spatial, and temporal heterogeneity of the processes involved. There is a growing interest in molecular imaging of cell-specific lineage markers of the immune system using biomolecules. However, the ongoing role of the more widely available 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography with computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) for response assessment is being recognized through ongoing refinement of interpretative guidelines and emerging evidence. These non-invasive methods provide insights into the biologic basis of the global immune response to maximize potential therapeutic benefit. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the current status of FDG PET/CT in the monitoring of tumoral and systemic immune response. In a companion review, the role of other imaging probes that might complement FDG PET/CT will be discussed.With the largest high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) cohort to date undergoing 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT primary staging, we aimed to 1) characterize the metastatic spread of PCa in relation to tumor 68Ga-PSMA-uptake and the D'Amico classification, and 2) compare 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT findings with radical prostatectomy (RP) with pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) histopathology. Methods A total of 691 consecutive newly diagnosed, biopsy-proven, treatment-naïve, D'Amico high-risk PCa patients primary staged by 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT were included. PSMA maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and metastatic findings were compared to PSA level, International Society of Urologic Pathology (ISUP) grade, and clinical stage as traditional risk stratification parameters. Moreover, 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT findings were compared with histology in RP patients undergoing PLND. Undetected lymph node metastases (LNMs) underwent immunohistochemical PSMA staining. Results Advanced disease (N1/M1) was observed in 3rd at diagnosis. ISUP grade was the superior predictor for advanced disease at diagnosis. AZD1208 We found a significant difference in frequency of advanced disease between ISUP grade 2 and 3, which supports the Gleason Score 7 subdivision. Interestingly, we observed no significant differences in risk of advanced disease when comparing the different cT2 stages. The undetected LNMs were either PSMA-negative or micrometastases.Proinflammatory macrophages are important mediators of inflammation following myocardial infarction and allograft injury following heart transplantation. The aim of this study was to image the recruitment of proinflammatory chemokine receptor 2+ (CCR2+) cells in multiple heart injury models. Methods 64Cu-DOTA-ECL1i PET was used to image CCR2+ monocytes/macrophages in heart transplantation mouse model. Flow cytometry was performed to characterize CCR2+ cells. Autoradiography on human heart specimen was conducted to confirm binding specificity. 64Cu-/68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i were compared in ischemia/reperfusion injury mouse model. Results 64Cu-DOTA-ECL1i showed sensitive and specific detection of CCR2+ cells in all tested mouse models with comparable efficacy to 68Ga-DOTA-ECL1i. Flow cytometry demonstrated specific expression of CCR2 on monocytes/macrophages. The tracer binds to human CCR2. Conclusion This work establishes the utility of 64Cu-DOTA-ECL1i to image CCR2+ monocytes/macrophages in mouse models and provides the requisite pre-clinical information to translate the targeted clinical grade CCR2 imaging probe for clinical investigation of heart diseases.
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