Notes

Denouncing the usage of field-specific impact dimensions distributions to tell scale.
Plasma vitamin C levels of 56.8 μmol/l may be regarded as the optimum plasma level. In order to achieve this level, at least 200 mg vitamin C per day should be ingested. It is advisable to obtain vitamin C through the consumption of fruit and vegetables rather than supplements.PURPOSE To present a review of available literature on the association of vitamin D and periodontal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS A thorough search of articles was carried out on the databases PUBMED and MEDLINE regarding vitamin D and periodontal disease. The selected literature included cross-sectional, case-control and prospective and retrospective cohort studies. The main aspects of the association evaluated were a) the association of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D3 with periodontal disease severity, periodontal disease progression and tooth loss, b) the effect of vitamin D supplementation on periodontal health and c) the association of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with periodontal disease. A brief overview of the biological mechanisms linking periodontal disease with vitamin D was also included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS There is conflicting evidence regarding the effects of 25(OH)D on periodontal disease severity, progression and tooth loss, with some studies reporting beneficial effects of higher 25(OH)D serum concentrations on periodontal health and tooth retention, whereas others could not find such an association. Limited evidence also supports a positive association between 1,25(OH)2D3 and periodontal health as well as a trend towards better periodontal health with vitamin D supplementation. Finally, various vitamin D polymorphisms were associated with chronic and aggressive periodontitis, with different outcomes reported for the various ethnic populations assessed.PURPOSE To assess the efficacy of licorice lollipops in reducing dental caries in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was confined to the English language using MeSH terms congruent with PICO format in 'PubMed', 'Cochrane Library' and 'Ovid', covering the period from April 1967 to December 2017. Searches in Google Scholar, grey literature and hand search of cross-references were performed to find additional data. Suitable studies were selected based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality analysis and risk of bias of the selected studies were performed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for risk of bias. RESULTS Overall 519 articles were retrieved, 516 (electronic databases) and 3 (Google scholar). 516 publications were excluded due to non-availability of abstracts, or because they were unrelated studies, narrative reviews, and systematic reviews as well as letters to editors. Only three studies were included for final analysis. Quality analysis of these three studies showed that only one was of high quality, whereas the other two were rated as low. CONCLUSION Licorice lollipops showed a promising effect in reducing caries by decreasing Streptococcus mutans counts in the saliva. Further research using randomised controlled clinical trial (RCT) designs with large sample size are recommended.While pandemonium has come to mean wild and noisy disorder, the reference here is to John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost and the upheaval following Lucifer's banishment from Heaven and his construction of Pandæmonium as his hub. Today's avalanche of conflicting news on how to deal with the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) brings to mind the Trinity nuclear bomb test with Enrico Fermi estimating its strength by releasing small pieces of paper into the air and measuring their displacement by the shock wave. Selleck Cyclosporine A Fermi's result, in fact not far from the true value, emphasised his ability to make good approximations with few or no actual data. The current wave of Covid-19 presents just this kind of situation as it engulfs the world from ground zero in Wuhan, China. Much information is indeed missing, but datasets that might lead to useful ideas on how to handle this pandemic are steadily accumulating.BACKGROUND The rotavirus is the most frequent cause of severe diarrhoea in small children. The purpose of this study was to map emergency primary health care consultations due to gastroenteritis in small children before and after the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine on 1 October 2014. MATERIAL AND METHOD The material consists of data from all electronic reimbursement claims from emergency primary health care doctors in the period 2010-18. Quarterly consultation rates at the emergency primary health care units for children aged 0-4 years with gastroenteritis were calculated. The consultation rate ratio for the years 2015-18 was calculated by dividing the consultation rate by the corresponding mean for the years 2010-13. RESULTS The consultation rate was highest in the first quarter of the year. In the years 2010-13 (prior to the introduction of the vaccine), infants had a mean consultation rate of 9.7 per 1000 inhabitants, one-year-olds 14.3 and two-year-olds 7.3. In 2016 (after the introduction of the vaccine), the consultation rate ratio in the first quarter was 0.5 for infants, 0.3 for one-year-olds and 0.4 for two-year-olds. In 2017 and 2018, the corresponding consultation rate ratio was 0.5 for infants, 0.4 for one-year-olds and 0.5 for two-year-olds. Three-year-olds and four-year-olds had lower consultation rates and fewer changes over time. INTERPRETATION The strong decline in gastroenteritis-related consultation rates may be related to the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine as part of the Childhood Immunisation Programme.BACKGROUND Fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) is a rare cause of spinal cord infarction. Most spinal cord infarctions are due to aortic pathologies and aortic surgeries. One theory is that material from the intervertebral discs follows a retrograde route to the anterior spinal artery. Fibrocartilaginous embolism and spinal cord infarction have also been described in veterinary literature. Spinal cord MRI diffusion-weighted imaging is of great help in finding the right diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION A young man was admitted to hospital after he woke up due to a sudden pain between his shoulders. He developed paresis in both his arms and legs within three hours. A neurological examination uncovered urinary retention, sensory deficits and paresis. The clinical picture was consistent with an infarction in the anterior spinal arterial distribution area. MRI of the patient's spine revealed an infarction in the anterior medulla. INTERPRETATION Fibrocartilaginous embolism is probably more common than previously presumed.
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