Notes

Circumstance Statement: Contingency Incidence of Ab Increase Expressor Lymphoma along with Jejunum Follicular Lymphoma.
They also reported having made a greater number of friends since starting college. The interventions did not affect outcomes related to intergroup processes or empathic accuracy when rating others' negative emotions, indicating a boundary condition for these interventions. This experiment underscores the potential of motivation-based empathy interventions to generate positive, real-world impact. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Emotional tears enhance perceptions of sadness and promote helping behaviors, but it is yet to be established whether they also influence the way we gaze at emotional faces. This is an important question to address given that how people visually attend to faces plays a critical role during social interaction and may also be used to regulate emotional arousal. We used eye-tracking to quantify the time spent gazing to the eyes and mouths of emotional faces. Participants' (N = 131) gaze patterns were monitored while they viewed stimuli that were manipulated to have tears present or absent. The key finding to emerge was that participants gazed less at the eyes of faces when tears were present compared with absent, suggesting that perceiving tears may be emotionally aversive. These findings are discussed in relation to prior work that suggests eye-gaze is used to regulate emotional arousal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).When people encounter others surpassing them in terms of an important quality, possession, or achievement, they often think about what might have happened differently so that they would have obtained a better outcome. Such upward counterfactual thoughts have been shown to contribute to the intensity of envy. We investigated whether specific counterfactual thoughts distinguish different forms of envy, namely benign envy, which entails upward motivation, and malicious envy-which entails hostility. A meta-analysis of 8 studies (1 preregistered, N = 1,264) of a first line of research supports that recalled episodes of benign versus malicious envy are characterized by more additive, self-focused counterfactuals or by more other-focused counterfactuals, respectively. iMDK cell line Furthermore, a meta-analysis of 6 studies (1 preregistered, N = 1,299) of a second line of research supports that eliciting these counterfactuals promotes the corresponding form of envy. In line with functional accounts of counterfactual thinking and envy, the results highlight cognitive processes that underlie functionally diverging pathways of envious responding. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The study of intelligence in humans has been ongoing for over 100 years, including the underlying structure, predictive validity, related cognitive measures, and source of differences. One of the key findings in intelligence research is the uniform positive correlations among cognitive tasks. This has been replicated with every cognitive test battery in humans. Nevertheless, many other aspects of intelligence research have revealed contradictory lines of evidence. Recently, cognitive test batteries have been developed for animals to examine similarities to humans in cognitive structure. The results are inconsistent, but there is evidence for some similarities. This article reviews the way intelligence and related cognitive abilities are assessed in humans and animals and suggests a different way of devising test batteries for maximizing between-species comparisons. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Hundreds of studies have documented an association between depression in mothers and behavior problems in children. Theory and empirical findings suggest this association may be confounded by other factors, but little attention has been paid to this issue. We used propensity score methods in a sample of 731 low-income families assessed repeatedly from child age 2 through 14 years to produce a weighted sample of families that were similar at child age 3 years except for mothers' depression. Depressive symptomatology was measured via self-report rating scale. Mothers were categorized as having clinically-elevated versus non-clinically-elevated scores based on an established threshold. Mothers with elevated versus nonelevated scores were equated on 89 other relevant characteristics (e.g., SES, child behavior, marital conflict). We then compared the equated groups on mother, secondary caregiver, and teacher ratings of child externalizing and internalizing behavior from child ages 4 to 14 years. Prior to equating, the mean prima facie effect of exposure to clinically-elevated mothers' depression scores at child age 3 years was d = 0.45 per mothers, d = 0.26 per secondary caregivers, and d = 0.13 per teachers. After equating, the mean adjusted effect was d = 0.07 per mothers, d = 0.01 per secondary caregivers, and d = 0.03 per teachers. Findings suggest that a substantial portion of the prima facie association between mothers' depression and later child behavior problems is accounted for by confounding variables rather than a causal effect of depressive symptoms per se. To fully understand why children of depressed mothers exhibit more behavior problems, a multicausal theory is needed that jointly considers the cluster of co-occurring clinical features that often accompany maternal depression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Sleep-related problems are prevalent in patients with psychotic disorders, yet their contribution to fluctuations in delusional experiences is less clear. This study combined actigraphy and experience-sampling methodology (ESM) to capture the relation between sleep and next-day persecutory symptoms in patients with psychosis and prevailing delusions. Individuals with current persecutory delusions (PD; n = 67) and healthy controls (HC; n = 39) were assessed over 6 consecutive days. Objective sleep and circadian rhythm measures were assessed using actigraphy. Every morning upon awakening, subjective sleep quality was measured using ESM. Momentary assessments of affect and persecutory symptoms were gathered at 10 random time points each day using ESM. Robust linear mixed modeling was performed to assess the predictive value of sleep measures on affect and daytime persecutory symptoms. PD showed significantly lower scores for subjective quality of sleep but significantly higher actigraphic-measured sleep duration and efficiency compared with HC.
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