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The objective was to identify the genetic determinants and supports of expanded-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from healthy horses in France in 2015. Faecal samples from 744 adult horses were screened for ESC-resistant E. coli isolates. The ESBL/AmpC resistance genes were identified using PCR and sequencing. ESC phenotypes were horizontally transferred by conjugation or transformation. Plasmids carrying ESBL/AmpC genes were typed by PCR-based replicon typing, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and plasmid MLST. The ESC-resistant E. coli isolates were typed by XbaI macrorestriction analysis. Sixteen stables out of 41 harboured at least one horse carrying ESC-resistant E. coli. The proportion of individually tested horses carrying ESC-resistant E. coli was 8.5% (28/328). Fifty non-redundant ESC-resistant E. EZM0414 SETD inhibitor coli isolates showing a great diversity of XbaI macrorestriction profiles, belonged mainly to phylogroup B1, and were negative for major E. coli virulence genes suggesting that they are commensal isolates. ESBL blaCTX-M genes were dominant (blaCTX-M-1, n=34; blaCTX-M-2, n=8; blaCTX-M-14, n=2) and located on conjugative plasmids belonging to various incompatibility groups (IncHI1, IncI1, IncN, IncY, or non-typeable). Among these, the multidrug-resistance IncHI1-pST9 plasmids were dominant and simultaneously harboured the blaCTX-M-1/2 genes and an operon enabling the metabolism of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS). In conclusion, commensal E. coli of French horses displayed a significant distribution of IncHI1-pST9 plasmids carrying both the blaCTX-M-1/2 gene and the fos metabolism operon. This finding highlights the risk of co-selection of multidrug-resistance IncHI1 plasmids carrying ESBL gene possibly mediated by the use of scFOS as prebiotic in horses. V.Despite reduction in the prevalence of malaria, Guinea-Bissau (GB) is still widely affected by the disease that is primarily vectored by Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes. Monitoring mosquito susceptibility and investigating the insecticide resistance status is an integral part of malaria control actions. Here, mosquito populations from five regions of GB Bafatá, Bissau, Buba, Cacheu and Gabu were monitored for species ID and insecticide resistance, using diagnostic and intensity WHO bioassays, as well as molecular assays. Phenotypic and molecular identification of species showed the presence of An. gambiae s.s. (S form), An. coluzzii (M form) and An. arabiensis, as well as rare An. arabiensis/ An. gambiae hybrids. Resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin was found in all Anopheles populations assayed, with the intensity of resistance for permethrin being moderate to high, as confirmed by bioassays performed at concentration intensities of 5X and 10X. Consistent to these findings, molecular analysis showed a higher frequency of knock-down resistance (kdr) mutations (L1014F, L1014S, reaching > 90% in some areas) compared to previous studies in the same region, as well as detected for the first time the presence of the super kdr mutation (N1575Y) in GB. The "iAche" (G119S) resistance mutation was also found in GB in low frequencies (up to 12.41%). Additionally, the synergistic PBO-permethrin bioassays suggested partial involvement of non target (metabolic and/or reduced penetration) resistance mechanism. Expression analysis of known pyrethroid metabolisers indicated the slight overexpression and possible association of the cytochrome P450s CYP6Z1, CYP4G16 with the pyrethroid resistance phenotype. The findings should guide future evidence-based resistance management strategies in GB. V.Toxoplasma gondii can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including cattle, causing serious disease to animals and humans. Because cattle provide milk and meat for humans, an increasing number of people are raising cattle as a source of income. However, T. gondii may be transmitted to humans through the meat and milk of cattle. Although substantial relevant studies have been performed, overall data on the seroprevalence of T. gondii in cattle is still lacking. In this meta-analysis, 71 relevant studies were included from five databases that investigated the seroprevalence of T. gondii in cattle in China from 2010 to 2019. The overall pooled T. gondii seroprevalence in cattle was 10.1% (4217/39274) in China. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was highest in southwestern China (21.6%, 727/3117) and lowest in northern China (4.5%, 185/1966). Due to the implementation of disease control measures during 2012 to 2020, the lowest positive rate was seen in the post-2017 subgroup of sampling years (5.8%, 170/3022). In the cattle breeds subgroups, the seroprevalence was highest in yaks (14.3%, 1695/10777). Cattle aged ≥ 12 months (9.6%, 1248/12438) had a higher seroprevalence than those less then 12 months (6.7%, 226/3132). Female cattle had a slightly higher seroprevalence (12.5%, 793/6670) than male cattle (11.7%, 418/3856). The seroprevalence in summer (11.8%, 517/4744) was the highest of all seasons. The present study shows that T. gondii is common in cattle in China. Therefore, monitoring measures and further research are needed to control T. gondii and improve public health. V.Numerous studies have examined how the brain processes numbers. However, although much attention has been paid to whole numbers, little is known about fractions, despite their pervasive use and the large number of people who have difficulty in learning them. We hypothesized that effective processing of fractions relies on conceptual knowledge. To test this hypothesis, we recorded functional magnetic resonance imaging signals from 68 participants (34 females and 34 males) when they performed a magnitude comparison task (whole number vs. fraction) with different levels of difficulty (short-distance number pairs vs. long-distance number pairs), and examined whether brain regions that handle conceptual knowledge are more involved in processing fractions than in processing whole numbers. Spatial patterns for brain activity related to processing fractions and whole numbers differed greatly in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) as well as in the parietal and frontal cortices. Further analysis showed that activation patterns in the left MTG differed between tasks, but activation intensity did not.
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