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Detection from the HLA-A*02:60:10 allele in a Taiwanese particular person.
Translational PAI also attracted growing interest in clinical applications including tumor margin examination, internal organ imaging, breast cancer screening, and sentinel lymph node mapping, among others.Label-free intravital optical imaging is an emergent visualization tool that is not only useful for basic biological research, but also for preclinical research with potential translational clinical applications. The complete absence of exogenous labeling or genetic alterations avoids plausible harmful perturbation to biological processes and the pristine physiological environment, as the endogenous biomolecules enable intrinsic imaging contrasts to interrogate various live multicellular organisms of interest. This tool has evolved from single-modality, single-photon imaging into multimodal multiphoton imaging, in order to gain different contrasts simultaneously during imaging sessions, and permit long-term time-lapse studies that have begun to spawn more diverse applications.Imaging whole brains is one of the central efforts of biophotonics. While the established imaging modalities used in radiology, such as MRI and CT, have enabled in vivo investigations of various cognitive and affective processes, the prevailing resolution of one-cubic-millimeter has limited their use in studying the "ground-truth" of neuronal activities. On the other hand, electron microscopy (EM) visualizes the finest anatomic structures at a resolution of around 30 nm. However, the extensive tissue preparation process and the required large-scale morphological reconstruction restrict this method to small sample volumes. Light microscopy (LM) has the potential to bridge the above two spatial scales, with a resolution ranging from a few hundred nanometers to a few micrometers. Recent advances in tissue clearing have paved the way for optical investigation of large intact tissue volumes. However, most of these LM studies rely on fluorescence-a nonlinear optical process to provide contrast. This chapter introduces an alternative type of LM that is solely based on a linear optical process-elastic scattering, which has some unique advantages over conventional LM methods for the investigation of large-scale biological systems, such as intact murine brains. Here, we will first lay out the background and the motivation of developing this scattering-based method. Then, the basic principle of this approach will be introduced, including controlling tissue scattering and coherent imaging. Next, we explore current implementation and practical considerations. Up-to-date results and the utility of this method will also be demonstrated. Finally, we discuss current limitations and future directions in this promising field.Fluorescence imaging is one of the most widely used in vivo imaging methods for both fundamental research and clinical practice. Due to the reduced photon scattering, absorption, and autofluorescence in tissues, the emerging near-infrared (NIR) imaging (650-1700 nm) can afford deep tissue imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution and in vivo report the anatomical structures as well as the physiological activities in a whole-body level. Here, we give a brief introduction to fluorescence imaging in the first NIR (NIR-I, 650-950 nm) and second NIR (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) windows, summarize the recently developed NIR fluorophores and their applications in whole-body vascular system imaging, precision cancer theranostics, and regenerative medicine. Finally, the clinical applications and future prospects of in vivo NIR fluorescence imaging are also discussed.Two-photon Phosphorescence Lifetime Microscopy (2PLM) is an emerging nonlinear optical technique that has great potential to improve our understanding of the basic biology underlying human health and disease. Although analogous to 2-photon Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (2P-FLIM), the contrast in 2PLM is fundamentally different from various intensity-based forms of imaging since it is based on the lifetime of an excited state and can be regarded as a "functional imaging" technique. 2PLM signal originates from the deactivation of the excited triplet state (phosphorescence) [1, 2]. Typically, this triplet state is a much longer-lived excited state than the singlet excited state resulting in phosphorescence emission times of microseconds to milliseconds at room temperature as opposed to nanoseconds for fluorescence emission [3]. The long-lived nature of the triplet state makes it highly sensitive to quenching molecules in the surrounding environment such as biomolecular oxygen (O2). Therefore, 2PLM can how this technique is improving our understanding of the basic biology underlying several areas of human health.Two-photon fluorescence imaging is a powerful tool for observing the dynamics of cells in vivo in intact tissue and is well suitable for imaging neuronal activity for neuroscience research. Due to the nonlinear two-photon absorption, the optical sectioning ability is inherent, resulting in two-photon images with high signal contrast and signal-to-noise ratio with efficient illumination. selleck products In addition, the longer wavelength excitation light in two-photon imaging compared to one-photon imaging suffers less scattering and absorption by tissue, which allows deeper penetration. Today, two-photon microscopy is being rapidly developed to adapt to various biological applications for high-speed, high-resolution, large-volume, long-term imaging in freely behaving animals.Studying the ultra-fine structures and functions of the subcellular organelles and exploring the dynamic biological events in depth are the key issues in contemporary biological research. Fluorescence bio-imaging has been used to study cell biology for decades. However, the structures and functions of the subcellular organelles which fall under the diffraction limit are still not explored fully at a nanoscale level. Several super-resolution microscopy (SRM) techniques have been devised over the years which can be utilized to overcome diffraction limit. These techniques have opened a new window in biological research. However, SRM methods are highly vulnerable to the lack of appropriate fluorophores and other sophisticated technical considerations. Therefore, this chapter briefly summarizes the basic principles of various SRM methods which have been frequently utilized in biological imaging. The chapter not only gives an overview of the technical advantages and drawbacks about using different SRM techniques for bio-imaging applications but also briefly articulates the nitty-gritties of selecting a proper fluorescent probe for a specific SRM experiment with biological samples.
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