Notes

Supplement Deborah retesting through basic experts: a factor and value investigation.
BACKGROUND Night-shift lifestyles affect children as well as adults, and are associated with sleep and behavioral problems among children. This study aimed to investigate associations among sleep patterns, individual/environmental factors, and problematic behaviors in children at age 5 years. METHODS Data for sleep patterns, individual/environmental factors and problematic behaviors for 8,689 5-year-old children were collected from health checkup records. Problematic behaviors investigated were anxious behavior (being afraid, difficulty being separated from the mother), developmental behavior (violence, restlessness, rebellious behavior, restrictive diet, stereotypic play), personal habits (thumb-sucking, nail-biting, tic, masturbation), and excretory problems. The relationships between sleep patterns (bedtime, sleep duration) and the presence of these behaviors were analyzed. Individual/environmental factors that affected problematic behaviors were statistically identified using a tree form model. Protosappanin B cost RESULTS Late bedtime and short sleep duration showed significant adverse effects on children's problematic behaviors (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.11 and OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.87-0.97, respectively). Long television watching time, abnormality at birth, and lack of father's support also showed significant adverse effects on problematic behaviors (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.87-2.94), and significantly affected late bedtime and short sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS There were significant associations among sleep patterns, individual/environmental factors, and problematic behaviors in 5-year-old children. Improving children's sleep patterns, reducing the duration of television watching, and improving support from father may reduce problematic behaviors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The Mdm2 oncoprotein and its association with p53 were discovered 30 years ago, and a cornucopia of activities and regulatory pathways have been associated with it. In this review, we will raise questions about Mdm2 and its cousin Mdm4 that we consider worth pursuing in future research, reaching from molecular structures and intracellular activities all the way to development, evolution, and cancer therapy. We anticipate that such research will not only close a few gaps in our knowledge but may rather add new dimensions to our current view. This compilation of questions contributes to the preparation for the 10th Mdm2 Workshop in Tokyo. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent nicotine use trends raise concerns that electronic cigarettes (ECs) may act as a gateway to cigarettes among adolescents. The aims of this study were to examine prevalence trends of exclusive EC use, exclusive cigarette use, and dual use, and to determine the corresponding ages of initiation, and investigate hypothetical trends in total nicotine use and cigarette use in the absence of ECs among US adolescents. DESIGN Observational study using data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) to statistically model trends in the prevalences of each user group and their initiation ages. Projections from counterfactual models based on data from 1999-2009 (before EC introduction) were compared with actual trends based on data from 1999-2018. Rigorous error analyses were applied, including Theil proportions. SETTING USA. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS Adolescents aged 12-17 years who were established exclusive cigarette users (≥100 cigarettes smoked AND ≤100 days vaped), established exclusive EC users (100 days vaped), based on cumulative lifetime exposure (N≈12,500-31,000 per wave). FINDINGS Exclusive cigarette use prevalence declined from 1999-2018, while exclusive EC use and dual use prevalences increased since their introduction in 2009. The age of cigarette initiation began a slight increase after 2014, whereas the age for EC use remained approximately constant and was higher than that of cigarettes. The counterfactual comparison results were consistent with ECs not increasing the number of US adolescent nicotine users, and in fact diverting adolescents from cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Electronic cigarettes may have offset conventional smoking among US adolescents between 2010-2018 by maintaining the total nicotine use prevalence and diverting them from more harmful conventional smoking. Additionally, electronic cigarette users appear to initiate at older ages relative to conventional smokers, which is associated with lower risk. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND The remodeling of the right heart in patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension (cPH) is associated with the appearance of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities. We investigated the resolution of ECG markers of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) caused by acute and long-term hemodynamic improvement. METHODS Twenty-nine (29) patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and seven patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) were included in the analysis. Patients with CTEPH achieved a significant long-term hemodynamic improvement following the treatment with balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA); all the patients with PAH reported significant acute hemodynamic relief after a single inhalation of iloprost, fulfilling the criteria of responder. Standard 12-lead ECG was performed before and after intervention. RESULTS The interval between baseline and control ECG in CTEPH and PAH groups was 28 (IQR 17-36) months and 15 min (IQR 11-17), respectively. Despite similar hemodynamic improvement in both groups, only the CTEPH group presented significant changes in most analyzed ECG parameters T-wave axis (p = .002), QRS-wave axis (p = .012), P-wave amplitude (p less then .001) and duration in II (p = .049), R-wave amplitude in V1 (p = .017), RS ratio in V1 (p = .046), S-wave amplitude in V5 (p = .004), R-wave amplitude in V5 (p = .044), RS ratio in V5 (p = .004), S-wave amplitude in V6 (p = .026), R-wave amplitude in V6 (p = .01), and R-wave amplitude in aVR (p = .031). In patients with PAH, significant differences were found only for P wave in II (duration p = .035; amplitude p = .043) and QRS axis (p = .018). CONCLUSIONS The effective treatment of cPH ensures improvement in ECG parameters of RVH, but it requires extended time. © 2020 The Authors. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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