Notes

Awareness, Knowledge along with High risk Behaviors associated with Std's between Young adults within Portugal.
This study investigated the retinal layer thickness, choroidal thickness (CT), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) parameters in 3 refractive groups.

A total of 201 eyes of 201 subjects were enrolled in this prospective and comparative study. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to refractive status Group 1 consisted of 60 eyes of myopic subjects, Group 2 comprised 72 eyes of emmetropic subjects, and 69 eyes of hyperopic subjects were categorized as Group 3. The retinal layer thickness, CT, and RNFL parameters were measured using optical coherence tomography and compared between groups.

The mean age of the patients was 22.33±10.11 years in Group 1, 21.55±8.3 years in Group 2, and 23.73±11.08 years in Group 3 (p=0.741). Group 1 consisted of 34 women and 26 men, Group 2 contained 44 women and 28 men, and Group 3 was made up of 45 women and 24 men (p=0.124). The mean spherical equivalent value was -6.16±2.01 D in Group 1, 0.13±0.5 D in Group 2, and 5.48±1.32 D in Group 3 (p<0.001). The RNFL and macular thickness values were lower in the myopic patients compared with those of the other groups (p<0.05). The CT measurement was lower in the myopic patients and higher in the hyperopic patients compared with the emmetropic patients (p<0.05).

The myopic patients had a lower CT and RNFL thickness measurement than the emmetropic and hyperopic patients, whereas the hyperopic patients had a higher CT than the other patient types.
The myopic patients had a lower CT and RNFL thickness measurement than the emmetropic and hyperopic patients, whereas the hyperopic patients had a higher CT than the other patient types.
This study was designed to investigate the long-term effects of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections on ocular surface and anterior segment parameters. A comparison was performed of the treated eye and the fellow healthy eye.

The study group included patients who had received at least 3 intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents (bevacizumab, ranibizumab, or aflibercept) for retinal vascular disorders. All of the subjects were treated in only 1 eye. A complete ophthalmological examination, including evaluation of tear break-up time (TBUT), the Schirmer 1 test, the Oxford Grading Scale, and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, corneal topography, and specular microscopy were performed in both eyes 1 month after the last injection.

In this study, 49 eyes of 49 patients who underwent regular intravitreal injection in 1 eye were enrolled. The mean age was 63.85±9.8 years (range 29-86 years). A mean of 4.06±1.7 (range 3-11) injections were administered. There was no significant difference in the intraocular pressure, TBUT, Schirmer 1, fluorescein staining, or specular microscopy parameters (p>0.05). The mean non-invasive TBUT first and average values; the central, thinnest, and apex corneal thickness measurements; the anterior chamber depth, irido-corneal angle, corneal volume, and keratometry values were similar in each individual (p>0.05 for all parameters). The mean OSDI score was 27.5±17.6 for the injected eyes and 15.9±12.9 for the non-injected eyes (p<0.0001).

Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections had no effect on ocular surface, corneal endothe-lium, and anterior segment parameters.
Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections had no effect on ocular surface, corneal endothe-lium, and anterior segment parameters.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ocular surface alterations of conjunctival cytological changes and tear function in patients with keratoconus.

A total of 98 eyes with keratoconus and 68 eyes of age- and sex- matched healthy subjects were included in this prospective study. Ophthalmological evaluations, including Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), tear break-up time (TBUT), ocular surface staining (OSS), Schirmer test, and conjunctival impression cytology (CIC), were performed.

The mean participant age was 23.4±5.3 years in the keratoconus group and 24.9±6.0 years in the control group. In the keratoconus group, the mean OSDI and OSS scores were statistically significantly higher than those of the controls, and the Schirmer and TBUT results were statistically significantly lower (all p<0.001). The severity of keratoconus was positively correlated with the CIC grade (r=0.292; p=0.004).

Keratoconus results in deterioration of the ocular surface, including CIC and tear function parameters. The grade of keratoconus appears to be associated with conjunctival cytologic changes.
Keratoconus results in deterioration of the ocular surface, including CIC and tear function parameters. The grade of keratoconus appears to be associated with conjunctival cytologic changes.Presently described is a case of fungal septicemia diagnosed based on a fundus examination and successfully treated with voriconazole. A 48-year-old woman who had undergone sleeve gastrectomy 20 days prior due to obesity was referred to the ophthalmology clinic for blurred vision in the right eye. The initial examination indicated visual acuity of only light perception in the right eye and 0.00 logMAR in the left eye. Anterior segment examination and light reaction results were normal in both eyes. The vitreous was clear. A central, hemorrhagic, hypopigmented lesion 1/3 optic disc diameter in size, was located in the right fovea, bulging from the retina. There were 3 or 4 small hypopigmented lesions in both peripheral retinas. The examination findings and patient history suggested fungal chorioretinitis. The patient was treated with intravenous voriconazole at a maintenance dose of 200 mg 2 times a day following a loading dose of 6 mg/kg 2 times a day for 48 hours according to the recommendation of the infectious diseases clinic. Multimodal imaging using fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography was performed throughout treatment. The patient's daily follow-up revealed no deterioration and improvement was seen on the third day. Endogenous fungal chorioretinitis is a rare infection, but it remains important in ophthalmology due to the high potential to cause severe visual loss and the limited diagnosis and treatment options. Patients who are susceptible to fungemia and have a recurrent fever may be referred to an ophthalmologist. Many clinical tests may have negative results but a careful fundoscopic examination can determine signs of fungemia-related chorioretinitis.Giant papillae (1.0 mm or greater in diameter) on the upper tarsal conjunctiva are one of the most common findings in cases of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). Presently described is the case of a 3-year-old female with a unilateral giant papilla formation prolabing from the medial side of the upper tarsal conjunctiva toward the ocular surface in the left eye. A brief review of the recent literature concerning the etiology, associated risk factors, surgical options, and management of patients with giant papillae is also discussed. A significant reduction in the size of the papilla was observed after a week of medical treatment with a topical steroid and antiallergic eye drops. To the best of our knowledge, this case demonstrates the first time that a giant papilla appeared in the form of a prolapsed mass extending from the tarsal conjunctiva in a child with VKC. Ophthalmologists should keep in mind that a giant papilla can look like another form of conjunctival mass, and should not rush to excise or biopsy, as it may respond to medical treatment.Alport syndrome is a rare basement membrane disorder that may include ocular manifestations dot-and-fleck retinopathy, anterior lenticonus, posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy, or temporal macular thinning. It is primarily an X-linked inheritance condition (85%). This case report describes a 51-year-old male patient with Alport syndrome who was diagnosed due to ocular manifestations that were subsequently linked with a history of renal failure and bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. The diagnostic tools used were biomicroscopy, ultrasound, corneal topography, endothelial microscope analysis, macula optical coherence tomography, and fundus photography. Clear lens extraction was performed and improved his visual acuity. Further genetic analysis revealed a mutation in the COL4A5 gene on the X chromosome. Ocular manifestations can help determine the right diagnosis and help in multisystemic disease assessment. In cases of Alport syndrome, a nephrologist should be informed about the potential development of a specific antiglomerular basement membrane antibody that may lead to graft rejection. The patient's close relatives should also be examined.
This study describes a new scleral fixation technique to treat a subluxated intraocular lens (IOL).

Four eyes of 4 patients were treated for a subluxated IOL with the described technique at Batigoz Eye Hospital. Demographic data, IOL type, and follow-up details were recorded, including the length of follow-up, postoperative refraction error, and complications.

The study included 2 female and 2 male patients. The median age was 54 years (range 45-66 years). The mean duration of follow-up was 8 months (range 5-13 months). Two of the subluxated IOLs were a monoblock subluxation of the IOL and the capsular tension ring, 2 were a 3-piece IOL. Follow-up examinations revealed no astigmatism >1.50 D. An anterior vitrectomy was performed in 1 patient who had preoperatively prolapsed vitreous in the anterior chamber. No complication was observed throughout the follow-up.

This new scleral fixation technique facilitates fixation of a dislocated IOL. Compared with previous methods, this technique provides fixation of the subluxated IOL to the sclera with a less invasive procedure and less intraocular manipulation.
This new scleral fixation technique facilitates fixation of a dislocated IOL. Compared with previous methods, this technique provides fixation of the subluxated IOL to the sclera with a less invasive procedure and less intraocular manipulation.
This study was designed to assess the accuracy of photorefraction and wavefront-based autorefraction in children under 3 years of age.

A cross-sectional study was performed with children who had no ocular abnormalities other than a refractive error and were less than 3 years old. buy SM-164 Spot Vision Screener (Welch Allyn Inc., Skaneateles Falls, NY, USA) was used for photorefraction and SureSight Vision Screener (Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, NY) was used for autorefraction. The measurements were performed with both devices before and after cycloplegia. The results were compared with those obtained using cycloplegic retinoscopy. The assessments were performed in terms of spherical equivalent (SE) values and Jackson cross-cylinder power values (J0 and J45).

A total of 305 children with a mean age of 15.1±10.4 months were included. The mean SE values measured with the Spot Vision and SureSight before cycloplegia were 0.43±0.75 D and 0.90±0.86 D, respectively. Following cycloplegia, the mean SE values were 1.80±1.25 D and 1.55±1.40 D, respectively. The mean SE value obtained with cycloplegic retinoscopy was 1.53±1.34 D. The mean SE values measured with both devices prior to cycloplegia were significantly lower than that measured with cycloplegic retinoscopy (p<0.001). No significant difference was observed between the cycloplegic SE values obtained with SureSight and retinoscopy (p=0.66). Spot Vision yielded significantly higher cycloplegic SE values compared with cycloplegic retinoscopy (p<0.001).

Both devices underestimated SE values in comparison with cycloplegic retinoscopy in children under 3 years of age. Wavefront-based autorefraction performed with cycloplegia may be an alternative to cycloplegic retinoscopy, but needs confirmation.
Both devices underestimated SE values in comparison with cycloplegic retinoscopy in children under 3 years of age. Wavefront-based autorefraction performed with cycloplegia may be an alternative to cycloplegic retinoscopy, but needs confirmation.
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