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Large-Scale Syntheses of 2-D Materials: Thumb Joule Home heating along with other Strategies.
One possible application of Near Infrared techniques is to analyze human brain metabolic activity. Currently used models take into account the layered structure of the human head but, usually, they do not consider the non-planar surface of some of the boundaries, i.e. gray matter, which results in a much more complex structure, thus leading to more sophisticated models and longer calculation times. The main objective of this work is to determine if it is worth to replace a planar layered structure by a non-planar one. To this end we implement a Bayesian-based quantitative methodology for choosing between two competitive models describing light propagation in layered turbid media. Experiments of time-resolved diffuse reflectance measurements are performed in layered phantoms and complemented with numerical calculations. The resulting Distributions of Time of Flight of both models are compared using Bayesian model selection analysis. The non-planar interface was introduced in the simulations by a simple surface parametrization. Results suggest that, under certain conditions, a multilayer model with planar boundaries is good enough.This paper describes a novel strategy for the hemocompatibility improvement of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVAL) membranes by incorporation of a naturally occurring zwitterion, glycine. Crystalline glycine was directly integrated to the EVAL fibers via electrospinning. see more The membranes were characterized by Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Water Contact Angle measurements (WCA) and measurement of Critical Wetting Surface Tension (CWST). The impact of glycine integration on the membrane parameters was assessed by variations in fiber diameter, pore size and percentage porosity. The release of glycine from the membranes was also quantitatively evaluated by ninhydrin assay. The interplay of zwitterion structural features on the blood compatibility was studied by in vitro hemocompatibility evaluation and blood filtration studies. The outcomes of these investigations highlight that glycine incorporated membranes offer greater hemocompatibility than virgin EVAL membranes in terms of reduced hemolysis, increased RBC retention, decreased adhesion and activation of platelets. The type of membrane modification can be considered in future for the development of leukodepletion filter membranes.A complex neutron spectrum generated along with a useful photon beam imposes an additional radiation protection risk around medical linear accelerators (linac). The thermal neutron component of this complex neutron spectrum formed during different photon modes of operation of Elekta Versa HD linac has been quantified using Indium foil activation technique. The thermal neutron fluence (Φ th ) at isocenter for 15 MV, 10 MV and 10 MV FFF beams was found to be 2.45 × 105, 4.35 × 104 and 3.2 × 104 neutrons cm-2 Gy-1, respectively. The analysis shows a reduction in the Φ th as the flattening filter is being taken out from the beam path. A negative correlation in Φ th with respect to field size has been observed with an average 18% reduction in Φ th per monitor units as field size changes from 10 cm × 10 cm to 40 cm × 40 cm. For particular field size and photon energy, Φ th was found to be uniform across the patient plane. From the measured gamma ray spectrum inside the treatment room six major isotopes have been identified which were 122Sb, 187W, 82Br, 56Mn, 24Na and 28Al.Polymer gel dosimeters are instrumental for clinical and research applications in radiotherapy. These dosimeters possess the unique ability to record dose distribution in three dimensions. A Polymer gel dosimeter is composed of organic molecules in a gel matrix, which upon irradiation polymerize to form a conjugated polymer with optical absorbance proportional to the irradiated dose. Other required characteristics of a radiotherapy clinical dosimeter are soft-tissue equivalency, linear dose-response in a range of clinical treatments, and long term stability for the duration of the analysis. The dosimeter presented in this paper is based on diacetylene bearing fatty acid aggregates embedded in a soft-tissue equivalent gel matrix, Phytagel™, which upon irradiation polymerize to form a blue phase polydiacetylene with a strong optical absorption. Initial characterization showed that PDA-gel irradiated with 160 kV x-ray responded linearly to the irradiated dose, and the calculated diffusion coefficient is [Formula see text] what is very low. It was also found that the percentage depth dose (PDD) curve of the PDA-gel in a 4 × 4 cm2 field, irradiated with 6 MV x-rays, was with good agreement with the literature. PDA-gel has the potential to detect absorbed dose in a range of clinical radiological irradiation regimes.It is thought that osteoarthritis is one of the world's leading causes of disability, with over 8.75 million people in the UK alone seeking medical treatment in 2013. Although a number of treatments are currently in use, a new wave of tissue engineered structures are being investigated as potential solutions for early intervention. One of the key challenges seen in cartilage tissue engineering is producing constructs that can support the formation of articular cartilage, rather than mechanically inferior fibrocartilage. Some research has suggested that mimicking structural properties of the natural cartilage can be used to enhance this response. Herein directional freezing was used to fabricate scaffolds with directionally aligned pores mimicking the mid-region of cartilage, anti-freeze proteins were used to modify the porous structure, which in turn effected the mechanical properties. Pore areas at the tops of the scaffolds were 180.46 ± 44.17 μm2 and 65.66 ± 36.20 μm2 for the AFP free and the AFP scaffolds respectively, and for the bases of the scaffolds were 91.22 ± 19.05 μm2 and 69.41 ± 21.94 μm2 respectively. Scaffolds were seeded with primary bovine chondrocytes, with viability maintained over the course of the study, and regulation of key genes was observed.
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