Notes

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Many reports have stated that patients admitted for COVID-19 may also suffer from cardiovascular diseases, suggesting cardiovascular involvement in COVID-19. Since there is direct association between electrocardiography (ECG) data and the prognosis of cardiovascular disease, a systematic literature review was performed in the present study to address this association and make a conclusive agreement on the early diagnostic and prognostic values of ECG in patients with COVID-19.

Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Ovid, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for "COVID-19" and "ECG" using all their equivalents and similar terms as search words. Afterwards, the records were limited to English articles and irrelevant documents, as well as articles that reported drug-induced cardiac dysfunction or patients with previous history of cardiovascular complications were excluded.

Overall, 31 articles with 2379 patients were found and used for qualitative data extraction. Findings showed that there is a significant association between COVID-19 infection and ECG findings. Also, ST-segment changes, T wave inversions, QT prolongation, and atrial fibrillation were found to be early indicators of cardiac involvement of COVID-19, which were associated with worse outcomes.

It is recommended to use ECG as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool for cardiac evaluation of patients with COVID-19.
It is recommended to use ECG as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool for cardiac evaluation of patients with COVID-19.
Despite recent progress in treatment of burn injuries, head and neck burn and its complications is still considered a challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients with head and neck burn.

In this retrospective cross-sectional study, the medical profiles of patients with head and neck burn referring to a burn care center during 2 years were reviewed and analyzed regarding the baseline characteristics and outcomes of participants.

392 (17.97%) cases suffered from head and neck burns. The mean burn percentage of participants was 29.31 ± 24.78, and 126 (32.14%) cases required tracheal intubation. There was a direct correlation between length of hospital stay and the degree of burn (p < 0.001). The length of hospitalization for patients burned by electricity was longer than those burned by other mechanisms (p = 0.003). There was a significant correlation between degree of burn and abnormal laryngoscopy findings (p = 0.036), developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (p < 0.001) and pneumonia (p < 0.001), need for mechanical ventilation (p < 0.001), and mortality rate (p < 0.001).

Based on the findings of the present study, the prevalence of head and neck burn injuries was about 18% and 32.14% of these cases required airway management. 19 (4.85%) cases developed ARDS, 41 (10.46%) developed pneumonia, and 50 (12.76%) cases died. There was a significant correlation between degree of burn and abnormal laryngoscopy findings, developing ARDS and pneumonia, need for mechanical ventilation, and mortality rate.
Based on the findings of the present study, the prevalence of head and neck burn injuries was about 18% and 32.14% of these cases required airway management. INCB024360 cost 19 (4.85%) cases developed ARDS, 41 (10.46%) developed pneumonia, and 50 (12.76%) cases died. There was a significant correlation between degree of burn and abnormal laryngoscopy findings, developing ARDS and pneumonia, need for mechanical ventilation, and mortality rate.
In the current systematic review, we intended to systematically review the epidemiology of burnout and the strategies and recommendations to prevent or reduce it among healthcare providers (HCPs) of COVID-19 wards, so that policymakers can make more appropriate decisions.

MEDLINE (accessed from PubMed), Science Direct, and Scopus electronic databases were systematically searched in English from December 01, 2019 to August 15, 2020, using MESH terms and related keywords. After reading the title and the abstract, unrelated studies were excluded. The full texts of the studies were evaluated by authors, independently, and the quality of the studies was determined. Then, the data were extracted and reported.

12 studies were included. Five studies investigated the risks factors associated with burnout; none could establish a causal relationship because of their methodology. No study examined any intervention to prevent or reduce burnout, and the provided recommendations were based on the authors' experiences and opinions. None of the studies followed up the participants, and all assessments were done according to the participants' self-reporting and declaration. Assessing burnout in the HCPs working in the frontline wards was performed in four studies; others evaluated burnout among all HCPs working in the regular and frontline wards.

Paying attention to the mental health issues, reducing the workload of HCPs through adjusting their work shifts, reducing job-related stressors, and creating a healthy work environment may prevent or reduce the burnout.
Paying attention to the mental health issues, reducing the workload of HCPs through adjusting their work shifts, reducing job-related stressors, and creating a healthy work environment may prevent or reduce the burnout.
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is caused by genetic mutations in
or
. Macrophages and their associated inflammatory cytokines promote cyst progression; however, transcription factors within macrophages that control cytokine production and cystic disease are unknown.

In these studies, we used conditional
mice to test the hypothesis that macrophage-localized interferon regulatory factor-5 (IRF5), a transcription factor associated with production of cyst-promoting cytokines (TNF
, IL-6), is required for accelerated cyst progression in a unilateral nephrectomy (1K) model. Analyses of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and flow-cytometry data 3 weeks post nephrectomy, a time point before the onset of severe cystogenesis, indicate an accumulation of inflammatory infiltrating and resident macrophages in 1K
mice compared with controls. qRT-PCR data from FACS cells at this time demonstrate that macrophages from 1K
mice have increased expression of
compared with controls. To determine the importance of macrophage-localized
in cyst progression, we injected scrambled or IRF5 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) in 1K
mice and analyzed the effect on macrophage numbers, cytokine production, and renal cystogenesis 6 weeks post nephrectomy.
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