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Medicine and public health are shifting away from a purely "personal responsibility" model of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention towards a societal view targeting social and environmental conditions and how these result in disease. Given the strong association between social conditions and CVD outcomes, we hypothesize that accelerated aging, measuring earlier health decline associated with chronological aging through a combination of biomarkers, may be a marker for the association between social conditions and CVD.

We used data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (CARDIA). Accelerated aging was defined as the difference between biological and chronological age. Biological age was derived as a combination of 7 biomarkers (total cholesterol, HDL, glucose, BMI, CRP, FEV1/h
, MAP), representing the physiological effect of "wear and tear" usually associated with chronological aging. We studied accelerated aging measured in 2005-06 as a mediator of the association between sociadeath.This paper traces the history of noncommunicable disease public health research and programming at the World Health Organization. Specifically, it investigates the origins of the now pervasive 4 × 4 framework focusing on four sets of diseases (cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancers) caused by four behavioral risk factors (tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity). We have found that the 4 × 4 framework developed as a generalization from strategies to control epidemics of cardiovascular disease and stroke in high-income countries during the second half of the twentieth century. These strategies, which were narrowly focused on interventions to address behavioral "lifestyle" risk factors as well as pharmacotherapy for physiologic risk factors, were ultimately packaged as an integrated approach initially in high-income countries and subsequently extended to low- and middle-income countries, where they have failed to address much of the burden among very poor populations.
This study examines the geographic variation and the magnitude of wealth inequities in birth registration in India between 2005 and 2015.

Data came from India's 2005 (n=51,940) and 2015 (n=250,194) Demographic Health Surveys. We estimated absolute wealth inequities at the national and state-level and specified three-level logistic regression models (children, communities, and states) to calculate the variance partitioning coefficient attributable to each level to examine the variation in birth registration at each time point.

National birth registration coverage was 41.2% in 2005 and improved to 79.6% in 2015. Between 2005 and 2015, coverage among children in the poorest quintile (Q1) improved from 23.9% to 63.8% while coverage among the wealthiest children (Q5) improved from 72.4% to 92.8%. Although the absolute wealth inequity decreased from 48.6%-points to 29.1%-points, children in Q1 still had levels of coverage in 2015 that were lower than children in Q5 in 2005. Between 2005 and 2015, birth registration improved in every state and coverage was higher than 90% in 13 states. Wealth inequities decreased in 21 states and increased in 8 states. In adjusted multi-level models the proportion of total variation in birth registration attributable to states (35.7% 2005 and 29% in 2015) was larger than the variation attributable to communities (15% in 2005 and 13.7% in 2015).

Birth registration is essential for ensuring inclusive population counts of birth and mortality rates. Efforts to reach universal birth registration in India will require a commitment to reducing wealth inequities within states.
Birth registration is essential for ensuring inclusive population counts of birth and mortality rates. Efforts to reach universal birth registration in India will require a commitment to reducing wealth inequities within states.The objective of this paper is three-fold (i) to analyse the coverage and equity of access to selected maternal and child healthcare interventions, particularly those delivered in Primary Healthcare (PHC) setting; (ii) to analyse the main drivers of inequitable access to selected interventions; and (iii) to synthesise and compare the results across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region as well as over time. We analysed data for five key maternal and child healthcare interventions from 29 national surveys (DHS and MICS) covering 13 MENA countries and spanning a period of almost 20 years (2000-2018). We calculated coverage indicators, concentration indices (CI) and decomposition of CIs according to standard definitions. We synthetized the results by country groups based on their human development index (HDI). Over time and among countries that started from a lower base, there has been an improvement in coverage and equity of selected interventions (four ante-natal care visits and skilled birth assistance). When considering the place of skilled delivery, there is a clear rich-poor divide, with women from richer wealth quintiles gravitating toward private healthcare facilities and those from poorer wealth quintiles toward public ones. While most of the care-seeking for common child illnesses occurs in PHC facilities, a fraction (20-30 percent) of care-seeking takes place in secondary healthcare facilities. PHC has played a role in improving coverage and equity of access in key maternal and child health interventions in the wider MENA region. LGH447 nmr Better integration of care, strengthening and improving the PHC network could increase the use of cost-effective interventions, which are key to improving maternal and child health.
Housing boom has raised global attention in the past two decades. A number of studies attempted to analyse the effect of house price increase. However, little is known about the health consequence as a result of housing boom, likely due to the scarcity of the data. The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between housing affordability and mental health as a result of house price increase.

Based on a panel dataset of 32 Chinese cities from January 2013 to December 2017, we used a fixed effect model adjusting for per capita disposable income to estimate the impact of house price growth rate on mental health, and applied the Instrumental Variable (IV) method to address the endogeneity problem.

From both Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and IV estimations, the results suggested that a one standard deviation increase in house price increase rate in the past three months is associated with a 0.443 standard deviation increase in people consulting with doctors about their mental disorders in the city.
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