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Amygdala plays crucial roles in emotional learning. The lateral amygdala (LA) is the input station of the amygdala, where learning related plasticity occurs. The LA is cortical like in nature in terms of its cellular make up, composed of a majority of principal cells and a minority of interneurons with distinct subtypes defined by morphology, intrinsic electrophysiological properties and neurochemical expression profile. The specific functions served by LA interneuron subtypes remain elusive. This study aimed to elucidate the interneuron subtype mediating feedback inhibition. Electrophysiological evidence involving antidromic activation of recurrent LA circuitry via basolateral amygdala stimulation and paired recordings implicate low-threshold spiking interneurons in feedback inhibition. Recordings in somatostatin-cre animals crossed with tdtomato mice have revealed remarkable similarities between a subset of SOM+ interneurons and LTS interneurons. This study concludes that LTS interneurons, most of which are putatively SOM+, mediate feedback inhibition in the LA. Parallels with cortical areas and potential implications for information processing and plasticity are discussed.BACKGROUND Diuretic resistance portends a poor prognosis in acute heart failure, especially in advanced stages. Early identification of a poor response to diuretics may help to improve treatment and outcomes. Spot natriuresis (UNa+) at 2 h from the start of intravenous furosemide has been proposed as an early indicator of diuretic response. Our paper aimed to determine the role of early natriuresis in patients hospitalized with advanced chronic heart failure (ACHF) and high risk of diuretic resistance. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a sub-analysis of the DRAIN trial, a randomized clinical trial on 80 patients with acute decompensation of ACHF (NYHA IV, EF ≤ 30%) with low systolic blood pressure (≤ 110 mmHg) and dilutional hyponatremia (sodium ≤ 135 mMol/L) at admission. Patients were divided into two groups according to spot urinary sodium excretion (high UNa+  > 50 or low ≤ 50 mEq/L) at 2 h from furosemide administration. Twenty-eight patients (35%) showed a low natriuretic response. As compared to the other patients, this group showed lower daily urinary output (2275 ± 790 vs 3849 ± 2034 mL, p  less then  0.001), lower body weight reduction after 48 h (1.55 ± - 1.66 vs - 3.55 ± - 2.93 kg, p  less then  0.001), higher incidence of worsening renal function (32% vs 10%, p 0.02) and increasing rather than reducing NT-proBNP at 72 h (p 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In patients with ACHF and dilutional hyponatremia, low natriuresis after furosemide is an early marker of poor diuretic response and correlates with higher NT-proBNP and higher incidence of worsening renal function at 72 h.PURPOSE Resistance exercise induces muscle growth and is an important treatment for age-related losses in muscle mass and strength. Myokines are hypothesized as a signal conveying physiological information to skeletal muscle, possibly to "fine-tune" other regulatory pathways. While myokines are released from skeletal muscle following contraction, their role in increasing muscle mass and strength in response to resistance exercise or training is not established. Recent research identified both local and systemic release of myokines after an acute bout of resistance exercise. However, it is not known whether myokines with putative anabolic function are mechanistically involved in producing muscle hypertrophy after resistance exercise. Further, nitric oxide (NO), an important mediator of muscle stem cell activation, upregulates the expression of certain myokine genes in skeletal muscle. METHOD In the systemic context of complex hypertrophic signaling, this review (1) summarizes literature on several well-recognized, representative myokines with anabolic potential; (2) explores the potential mechanistic role of myokines in skeletal muscle hypertrophy; and (3) identifies future research required to advance our understanding of myokine anabolism specifically in skeletal muscle. RESULT This review establishes a link between myokines and NO production, and emphasizes the importance of considering systemic release of potential anabolic myokines during resistance exercise as complementary to other signals that promote hypertrophy. CONCLUSION Investigating adaptations to resistance exercise in aging opens a novel avenue of interdisciplinary research into myokines and NO metabolites during resistance exercise, with the longer-term goal to improve muscle health in daily living, aging, and rehabilitation.AIMS Cardiac autonomic modulation, as assessed by heart rate variability (HRV), is independently attenuated by both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and exercise-heat stress, although their combined effects remain unclear. We therefore assessed HRV during exercise-heat stress in young individuals (18-37 years) with (n = 14) and without type 1 diabetes (n = 14). METHODS Participants completed 30-min seated rest and three, 30-min bouts of semi-recumbent cycling at light, moderate, and vigorous metabolic heat productions (200, 250, 300 W/m2, respectively), each followed by 30-min recovery. Body core temperature (Tcore) and electrocardiogram were recorded throughout and analyzed during the final 5-min of rest and each exercise period. RESULTS Relative to baseline, Tcore was increased in both groups, albeit to a greater extent in type 1 diabetes during vigorous exercise (T1D, 1.1 ± 0.3 °C; control, 0.8 ± 0.3 °C; P  less then  0.05). buy CP-690550 Overall HRV (as reflected by entropy) was attenuated throughout exercise relative to baseline in both groups, with the magnitude of the reduction greater in type 1 diabetes during vigorous exercise (T1D, - 108%; control, - 70%; P  less then  0.05). CONCLUSIONS Given the negative correlations between decreased HRV and cardiac risk, our novel observations indicate that vigorous exercise in hot environments may pose a health concern for individuals with type 1 diabetes.Aborting a neurosurgical procedure is a situation in which the surgeon modifies the original surgical plan and decides to stop a procedure without achieving the pre-operative goal. While adhering to predefined goals is important, intra-operative judgment, especially in terms of adjusting the risk/benefit ratio in response to real-time data, may change the balance and lead, in selective scenarios, to aborting of a procedure. The literature regarding aborting a surgical procedure is sparse, with no objective guidelines on when, and how, to make such a decision. Defining "when to abort" is difficult and is influenced by many factors, including unexpected intraoperative findings, the surgeon's surgical experience and perspective, and the patient and family perspective. Aborting a procedure is a decision that must be ultimately determined by the surgical findings and the individual treatment alternatives. The aim of this paper is to discuss the condition of aborting a neurosurgical procedure, using the relatively common endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) as a model procedure prototype.
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