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Plasma tv's MicroRNA Screen Predicts Earlier Cancer Recurrence within Sufferers along with Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Liver Transplantation.
The plant family 1 UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are increasingly being investigated because of their contribution to plant secondary metabolism and other diverse biological roles. The apple (Malus domestica) is one of the most widely cultivated fruit trees with great economic importance. However, little is known regarding the apple UGTs. In this study, we identified 229 members of family 1 through a genome-wide analysis of the apple UGTs, which were clustered into 18 groups, from A to R. We also performed detailed analysis of 34 apple UGTs by quantitative RT-PCR, and discovered a number of stress-regulated UGTs. Among them, we characterized the role of MD09G1064900, also named MdUGT83L3, which was significantly induced by salt and cold. In vivo analysis showed that it has high activity towards cyanidin, and moderate activity towards quercetin and keampferol. Transgenic callus and regenerated apple plants overexpressing MdUGT83L3 showed enhanced tolerance to salt and cold treatments. Overexpression of MdUGT83L3 also increased anthocyanin accumulation in the callus tissues and enhanced ROS clearing upon exposure to salt and cold stresses. Furthermore, via yeast-one-hybrid assay, EMSA and CHIP analyses, we also found that MdUGT83L3 could be directly regulated by MdMYB88. Our study indicated that MdUGT83L3, under the regulation of MdMYB88, plays important roles in salt and cold stress adaptation via modulating flavonoid metabolism in apple.The growth and composition of fleshy fruits depend on resource acquisition and distribution in the plant. In tomato, the pedicel serves as the final connection between plant and fruit. However, very few quantitative data are available for the conducting tissues of the pedicel, nor is their genetic variability known. In the present study, a histological approach was combined with process-based modeling to evaluate the potential contribution made by the anatomy and histology of the pedicel to variations in fruit mass. Eleven genotypes were characterized and the impact of water deficit was studied for a single genotype using stress intensity and stage of application as variables. The results highlighted extensive variations in the relative proportions of the different pedicel tissues and in the absolute areas of xylem and phloem between genotypes. The model suggests that the variations in the area of the pedicel's vascular tissues induced by differences in genotype and water-deficit environments partly contributed to fruit mass variability. They therefore warrant phenotyping for use in the development of plant strains adapted to future environmental constraints. The results also demonstrated the need to develop non-invasive in vivo measurement methods to establish the number and size of active vessels and the flow rates in these vessels to improve prediction of water fluxes in plant architecture.The regulation of photosynthesis occurs at different levels including the control of nuclear and plastid genes transcription, RNA processing and translation, protein translocation, assemblies and their post translational modifications. Out of all these, post translational modification enables rapid response of plants towards changing environmental conditions. Among all post-translational modifications, reversible phosphorylation is known to play a crucial role in the regulation of light reaction of photosynthesis. Although, phosphorylation of PS II subunits has been extensively studied but not much attention is given to other photosynthetic complexes such as PS I, Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase. Phosphorylation reaction is known to protect photosynthetic apparatus in challenging environment conditions such as high light, elevated temperature, high salinity and drought. Recent studies have explored the role of photosynthetic protein phosphorylation in conferring plant immunity against the rice blast disease. The evolution of phosphorylation of different subunits of photosynthetic proteins occurred along with the evolution of plant lineage for their better adaptation to the changing environment conditions. In this review, we summarize the progress made in the research field of phosphorylation of photosynthetic proteins and highlights the missing links that need immediate attention.Plant trichomes are specialized epidermal cells that protect plants from insects and pathogens. In Arabidopsis, epidermal hairs decrease as internodes increase in height, with only few epidermal hairs produced on the sepals abaxial surface of the early flowers. TRIPTYCHON (TRY) is known to be a negative regulator of epidermal hair development in Arabidopsis, suppressing the formation of ectopic epidermal hairs in the inflorescence. Here, we reported that the second intron of TRY gene plays a critical role in trichome spatial distribution in Arabidopsis. The expression of TRY rises with the increasing stem nodes and reaches the peak in the inflorescence, while the trichomes distribution decrease. The transgenic plants showed that TRY promoter could only drive the genomic instead of coding sequences combined with GUS reporter gene, which indicates that the regulatory elements of TRY expression in inflorescence could be located in the intron regions. Multiple SPLs and MADS-box binding sites were found in the TRY intron2 sequence. Further genetic and biochemistry assays revealed that the flowering-related genes such as SPL9 could bind to these cis-elements directly, contributing to the TRY spatial expression. Since cotton fiber and Arabidopsis trichomes share similar regulatory mechanism, extended analysis showed that the intron2 of cotton TRY genes also contain the cis-elements. Thus, the introns harboring the transcription element may be the general way to regulate the gene expression in different plants and provides molecular clues for the related crops' traits design.A unique GH18 chitinase containing two N-terminal lysin motifs (PrLysM1 and PrLysM2) was first found in fern, Pteris ryukyuensis (Onaga and Taira, Glycobiology, 18, 414-423, 2008). This type of LysM-chitinase conjugates is not usually found in plants but in fungi. Here, we produced a similar GH18 chitinase with one N-terminal LysM module (EaLysM) from the fern, Equisetum arvense (EaChiA, Inamine et al., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 79, 1296-1304, 2015), using an Escherichia coli expression system and characterized for its structure and mechanism of action. The crystal structure of EaLysM exhibited an almost identical fold (βααβ) to that of PrLysM2. From isothermal titration calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance, the binding mode and affinities of EaLysM for chitooligosaccharides (GlcNAc)n (3, 4, 5, and 6) were found to be comparable to those of PrLysM2. The LysM module in EaChiA is likely to bind (GlcNAc)n almost independently through CH-π stacking of a Tyr residue with the pyranose ring. The (GlcNAc)n-binding mode of LysMs in the LysM-chitinase conjugates from fern plants appears to differ from that of plant LysMs acting in chitin- or Nod-signal perception, in which multiple LysMs cooperatively act on (GlcNAc)n. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that LysM-GH18 conjugates of fern plants formed a monophyletic group and had been separated earlier than forming the clade of fungal chitinases with LysMs.Medicago truncatula is a model system for legume plants, which has substantially expanded the genome relative to the prototypical model dicot plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. An essential transcriptional regulator, FCP1 (transcription factor IIF-interacting RNA polymerase II carboxyl-terminal phosphatase 1) ortholog, is encoded by a single essential gene CPL4 (CTD-phosphatase-like 4), whereas M. truncatula genome contains four genes homologous to FCP1/AtCPL4, and splicing variants of MtCPL4 are observed. Functional diversification of MtCPL4 family proteins was analyzed using recombinant proteins (MtCPL4a1, MtCPL4a2, and MtCPL4b) produced in Arabidopsis cell culture system developed for plant protein overexpression. In vitro CTD phosphatase assay using highly purified MtCPL4 preparations revealed a potent CTD phosphatase activity in MtCPL4b, but not two splicing variants of MtCPL4a. On the other hand, in planta binding assay to RNA polymerase II (pol II) revealed a greater pol II-binding activity of both MtCPL4a variants. Our results indicate functional diversification of MtCPL4 isoforms and suggest the presence of a large number of functionally specialized CTD-phosphatase-like proteins in plants.The Heirloom Golden tangerine tomato fruit variety is highly nutritious due to accumulation of tetra-cis-lycopene, that has a higher bioavailability and recognised health benefits in treating anti-inflammatory diseases compared to all-trans-lycopene isomers found in red tomatoes. We investigated if photoisomerization of tetra-cis-lycopene occurs in roots of the MicroTom tangerine (tangmic) tomato and how this affects root to shoot biomass, mycorrhizal colonization, abscisic acid accumulation, and responses to drought. tangmic plants grown in soil under glasshouse conditions displayed a reduction in height, number of flowers, fruit yield, and root length compared to wild-type (WT). Soil inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis revealed fewer arbuscules and other fungal structures in the endodermal cells of roots in tangmic relative to WT. The roots of tangmic hyperaccumulated acyclic cis-carotenes, while only trace levels of xanthophylls and abscisic acid were detected. In response to a water deficit, leaves from the tangmic plants displayed a rapid decline in maximum quantum yield of photosystem II compared to WT, indicating a defective root to shoot signalling response to drought. The lack of xanthophylls biosynthesis in tangmic roots reduced abscisic acid levels, thereby likely impairing endomycorrhizal colonisation and drought-induced root to shoot signalling.Cultivated strawberry is one of the most important horticultural crops in the world, and the fruit yields and economic benefits are largely dependent on the quality of floral initiation and floral organ development. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms controlling these processes in strawberry are largely unknown. In this study, the function of a GATA transcription factor gene, HANABA TARANU (HAN), in floral initiation and floral organ development was characterized in strawberry. FaHAN is expressed in four whorls of the floral organs. Overexpression (OE) of FaHAN in the strawberry cultivar 'Benihoppe' delayed flowering by at least one week by affecting key genes, such as TERMINAL FLOWER 1, APETALA 1…and increased the number of runners. FaHAN-OE plants also showed malformed floral organs, especially the deformed stigmas with disordered arrangement. Several key genes for pistil apical development such as STYLISH, YUCCA 1, and auxin-related genes such as GH3.5, PIN-FORMED 1, which play important roles in pistil primordium development in many plant species, were all down-regulated in FaHAN-OE plants. selleck chemical Further observations showed that the fruit deformity rate was nearly 4-fold higher than in control plants. Together, this study provides a new approach for exploring floral initiation and floral organ development in strawberry.Tomato is often exposed to high temperature stress during summer cultivation. Stomatal movement plays important roles in photosynthesis and transpiration which restricts the quality and yield of tomato under environmental stress. To elucidate the mechanism of stomatal movement in high temperature tolerance, SlSnRK2s (sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinases) silenced plants were generated in tomato with CRISPR-Cas 9 gene editing techniques. Through the observation of stomatal parameters, SlSnRK2.3 regulated stomatal closure which was responded to ABA (abscisic acid) and activated signaling pathway of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in high temperature stress. Based on the positive functions of SlSnRK2.3, the cDNA library was generated to investigate interaction proteins of SlSnRK2s. The interaction between SlSnRK2.3 and SlSUI1 (protein translation factor SUI1 homolog) was employed by Yeast two hybrid assay (Y2H), Luciferase (LUC), and Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Finally, the specific interactive sites between SlSnRK2.
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