Notes

Phylogenetic examination of kobuviruses and also astroviruses from Malay wild boars: 2016-2018.
inus, which is involved in host responses to SLCMV (Wang et al., 2020). The confirmation of CMD and SLCMV in the border between Laos and Cambodia should be followed by disease containment and management strategies, particularly given that the majority cassava varieties grown in Laos are from neighbor countries, most of which have already reported the presence of CMD. Acknowledgements We thank all staff from the CIAT's Cassava Program and the Plant Protection Center of Laos in Vientiane. We acknowledge financial support from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) (https//www.cgiar.org/funders/).Strongylodon macrobotrys, commonly known as the jade vine, emerald vine, or turquoise jade vine, is a species of Fabaceae native to the Philippines. The plants have blue-green color inflorescences, which makinge them one of the most admired ornamental plants in Brazil (Muniz et al. 2015). In addition, the plants contain compounds with anticancer properties (Ragasa et al. (2014) isolated compounds from S. macrobotrys with anticancer properties. In March 2019, an adult jade plant, grown under the trellis system in an experimental area at the campus of the University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, was found showing mosaic symptoms typical of a virus infection. Preliminary examination of negatively stained leaf extracts by transmission electron microscopy detected elongated, flexuous particles similar tolike thoseat of a potyviruses. Further observations of thin sections of symptomatic leaf tissues revealed the presence of cylindrical inclusions, as well as bundles of thin, elongated, and fild seeds (Hajimorad et al. 2018)( ). Estradiol The virus appears to have has a restricted narrow natural host range., Aapart from soybean, and to date, it has only been reported the natural infection has been documented only in soybean, Lagenaria siceraria, Passiflora spp., Pinellia ternata, Senna occidentalis, and Vigna angularis (Almeida et al., 2002; Chakraborty et al. 2016; Hajimorad et al. 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of SMV in S. macrobotrys in the world. Further surveys are necessary to determine the incidence of the virus in ornamental jade plants vines and its importance as virus reservoirs for commercial soybean crops.Apple cv. 'Huangtaiping' (Malus pumila Mill.) is grown widely in northern China for the production of jellies, preserves, and cider. In 2018, atypical scab symptoms were observed on fruits of Huangtaiping in Heilongjiang Province of China. The disease incidence was estimated at approximately 0.4%. Symptoms were scab-like black spots (3 to 5 mm diam.) distinct from scab caused by Venturia inaequalis. Conidia were generally produced on lesions and using a modified microscope (Goh 1999), a single spore was picked up from each sample on water agar plate with a glass needle and then transferred to PDA amended with lactic acid (0.50 ml/L) and sulfate streptomycin (0.20 g/L). Fifteen isolates were obtained and incubated at 21°C for 6 weeks in darkness on PDA. The colonies on PDA were gray-black with circular morphology and floccose texture, which were similar with the characteristics of V. asperata described previously (Turan et al. 2019). The conidia were cylindrical to fusiform, 0 to 1 septate, yellowish and 19.7 he single spore isolation, while no symptom was observed on the control fruits. Based on the morphological and molecular identifications, the causal agent of atypical scab on Huangtaiping was identified as V. asperata. Apple scab is usually caused by V. inaequalis (Shen et al. 2020). However, apple scab has also been caused by V. asperata in Italy and France (Caffier et al. 2012; Turan et al. 2019). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of V. asperata associated with apple scab-like lesions in China. This information augments our knowledge of the spectrum of Venturia species associated with disease on apple fruit and will be a valuable foundation underpinning management strategies for this cultivar.In 2014, glasshouse-grown wasabi (Eutrema japonica) grown in a compost based media displayed symptoms of poor growth and wilting. Visual assessment of the roots showed that 25% of the symptomatic plants sampled had raised black lesions on the roots affecting between 5 and 20% of the total root area. To isolate the causal agent, affected material (approximately 5 mm3) was surface disinfested in sodium hypochlorite (2%) for 30 s, rinsed twice in sterile water and plated on to water agar medium amended with penicillin G (0.2 g/liter) and streptomycin sulfate (0.8 g/liter). Plates were incubated at 20ºC until fungal colonies were visible. After three days, colonies of Rhizoctonia solani were identified based on the presence of septate hyphae with right-angle branching, a pure culture was obtained through hyphal tip transfer onto a new plate of PDA. DNA was extracted from a 7-day old plate of the isolate (WAS1) as described previously (Woodhall et al., 2013). The AG of WAS1 was determined as AG2-1 using a subgroupsted positive for AG2-1 using the real-time PCR assay. Isolations were attempted from the roots of healthy control plants but Rhizoctonia was not recovered. Here we demonstrate that R. solani AG2-1 is associated with root necrosis of Eutrema japonica. Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1 has been reported previously in various Brassica crops in the UK (Budge et al., 2009a) and on Matthiola incana (Lekuona Gómez et al., 2015). It has also been reported causing disease in potatoes and as widely present in UK field soils (Woodhall et al., 2013). Although R. solani AG1 and AG4 of R. solani have been reported to infect Eutrema japonica in Japan (Takeuchi et al., 2003; 2008), this is the first finding that identifies AG2-1 as the causal agent. The potential presence of AG2-1 in soil and/or as plant debris should be considered prior to planting susceptible hosts.Plums are affected by a cancerous disease called "black knot disease" caused by the fungus Apiosporina morbosa. It affects both Japanese (Prunus salicina) and European (Prunus domestica) plums equally. To understand the spread of the disease, histological analysis was performed in two different European plum cultivars (susceptible and tolerant). Light and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses confirmed the presence of the growing hyphae in the internal tissues of the susceptible trees. By using stereoscopic analysis with a fluorescence filter, we were able to detect the hyphae in the visible lesion area. At about 2 inches from above and below the knots, no spore or hypha were visible with the light microscope. However, SEM images showed strong evidence that the fungus is capable of migrating to adjacent vessels in the susceptible plum genotype. In fact, at that distance below and above the knots, conidia were detected inside xylem vessels suggesting a systemic movement of the fungus that has not been shown so far.
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