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Within silico targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins and also major protease by simply biochemical compounds.
Numerous studies on risk factors, clinical presentation and treatment of hepatitis C are known to the world. However, no data is available about the safety and efficacy of anti-hepatitis C therapy among the patients of Gujranwala, Pakistan. This retrospective study compared two dosage forms of interferon; conventional interferon (IR) and Pegylated interferon (PIR) in 370 Hepatitis C patients selected through non probability convenient sampling technique. Clinical data were collected related to therapy outcomes at the start of therapy, after each follow up and at the end of therapy. The study indicated that HCV 3 was the most prevalent genotype of hepatitis C. Main side effects associated with therapies were pain at injection site (PIR; 49%, IR; 48%), inflammation at injection site (PIR; 34%, IR; 48%), fever (PIR; 56.12%, IR; 61.5%), myalgia (PIR; 24.5%,IR; 22.99%), malaise (PIR; 7.14%, IR; 5.75%), anorexia (PIR; 46%, IR; 39%), vomiting (PIR; 43%, IR; 41%), irritability (PIR; 4%, IR; 11.5%) and impaired concentration (PIR; 13%, IR; 21). The sustained viral response rate was significantly better in PIR group as compared to IR group (PIR; 80.61%, IR; 66.67%). In conclusion Pegylated interferon based therapy showed better clinical response with less adverse events as compared to conventional interferon based therapy. However, there is dire need to shift from these intravenous dosage forms to relatively new oral dosage forms for the treatment of hepatitis C to further improve clinical outcome and minimize the risks of adverse events.Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) is a traditional herb that has been reported to have a lot of medicinal values. This study was designed to observe the effects of S. platensis on different types of pain and inflammation in comparison to diclofenac sodium. Three groups of Long Evans rats (n=21in each group) of both sexes were used. Group I was treated orally with normal saline (5ml/kg/day for 21 days), group II was treated with diclofenac sodium (10mg/kg/day for 7 days) and group III with S. platensis (400mg/kg/day for 21 days). Effects of S. platensis on pain were assessed by tail immersion test (nociception pain), formalin test (nociception and inflammatory pain), Von Frey test (neuropathic pain) and the effects on inflammation were assessed by formalin induced paw edema test. Macroscopic and microscopic examinations of rats' stomachs were done to observe anti-ulcerogenic effect. S. platensis showed potent (statistically significant) analgesic effects in all 3 models of pain (tail immersion test, formalin tests, Von Frey test) as well as anti-inflammatory effects in formalin induced paw edema test. Interestingly, anti-ulcerogenic effect of S. platensis was almost similar to that of negative control and was significantly different with positive control. In conclusion, these data indicate that S. platensis possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic potential.In this research, molecular structural manipulation of treosulfan alkylating agent and resultant changes in binding is studied to assist in designing derivatives of treosulfan for synthesis. Molecular docking has been conducted on simulated heterocyclic polyaromatic alkylating diepoxide derivatives of treosulfan with DNA nucleobases of dodecamer duplex of sequences d(CGCGAATTCGCG) and d(CGCGAATTCGCG) using Autodock vina package. Two series of simulated diepoxide molecules were designed with increasing aryl ring chain in linear and fused aryl way between the two epoxide reactive rings. Relationship between increasing no. selleck kinase inhibitor of aryl rings (both linear and fused) between epoxide moieties on the binding energy values was evaluated. We also identified that designed molecules bind specifically to Guanine and Cytosine (GC) base pairs on DNA. Mode of interaction and resultant behavior as an alkylating agent or as minor groove binder was also found to be dependent up on the no. of aryl rings and their connectivity in the molecule. Both linearly bonded and fused aryl rings in higher number, between the epoxide rings, gave the strongest binding with the binding energy up to -8.1 and -8.7 Kcal/mol, respectively. These relationships can immensely help in designing and synthesis of derivatives of treosulfan like diepoxide based alkylating agents.Muntingia calabura (M. calabura), locally known as "kerukup siam" or "buah ceri" belongs to the family Muntingiaceae and has been scientifically demonstrated to exert various pharmacological activities. The objectives of the current study are to evaluate the antioxidant activities and to determine the subchronic toxicity of 90 days orally-administered methanol extract of M. calabura (MEMC) in male Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=6). Vehicle control received 8% tween 80 and treatment group received 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg of MEMC orally administered daily for 90 days. Blood collection was carried out to obtain the hematological and biochemical profile of the rats. The organs harvested were subjected to histopathological analysis. For the antioxidant test, the extract was subjected to antioxidant study using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)- and superoxide anion-radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC) and phytochemical screening. Results obtained show that no adverse effects were observed during the experimental period. Hematological and biochemical analysis also showed no significant changes in this toxicity study. Besides, antioxidant analyses revealed that MEMC has higher DPPH- and SOD-radical scavenges activity as well as higher TPC value. In conclusion, M. calabura is safe for consumption and possesses beneficial antioxidant effect.The present study was designed to determine the hepatoprotective effects of fenugreek seeds extract supplementation on thioacetamide induced liver damage in rats. For this purpose 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were distributed into 4 groups (n=60. Group I remained untreated throughout the study. Group II and Group III received thioacetamide intraperitoneally 200mg/kg body weight on alternative days for 8 weeks. Group III and Group IV received 2ml of 2% Fenugreek seeds extract orally daily from 4th week till 8th week of the study. Next day after completion of study, the rats were weighted and decapitated; blood was collected for plasma for glucose and lipid profile analysis. Marked reduced plasma glucose level and HDL level and increased triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and total lipid level were observed in test group. The Fenugreek seeds extract supplementation significantly increased plasma glucose and HDL level and remarkably decreased triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL and total lipid level in Test+Supplement group whereas glucose and lipid profile were reduced in supplement group showing supplement is hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic.
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