Notes

Analysis associated with people together with axillary lymph node metastases through occult breast cancer: investigation regarding multicenter information.
Our simulations show that ca. 60% of the variation in phylogeny-based trait predictions depends on the magnitude of the trait conservatism, the number of species in the tree, the proportion of species with unknown trait values and the mean distance in the tree to the nearest neighbour with a known trait value. Results are similar for both binary and continuous traits. We discuss these results under the light of the reviewed traits and provide recommendations for the use of phylogeny-based trait predictions for microbial ecologists.
To review the contemporary evidence reflecting male/female differences in alcohol use and its consequences along with the biological (sex-related) and psycho-socio-cultural (gender-related) factors associated with those differences.

MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases were searched for relevant publications, which were subsequently screened for the presence/absence of pre-specified criteria for high quality evidence.

Compared to men, more women are lifetime abstainers, drink less, and are less likely to engage in problem drinking, develop alcohol-related disorders or alcohol withdrawal symptoms. However, women drinking excessively develop more medical problems. Biological (sex-related) factors, including differences in alcohol pharmacokinetics as well as its effect on brain function and the levels of sex hormones may contribute to some of those differences. In addition, differences in alcohol effects on behavior may also be driven by psycho-socio-cultural (gender-relaf alcohol use disorders and related problems in men and women.
We examined the efficacy of an 8-week exercise intervention on posttreatment methamphetamine (MA) use among MA-dependent individuals following residential treatment.

135 individuals newly enrolled in treatment were randomly assigned to a structured 8-week exercise intervention or health education control group. Approximately 1 week after completion of the intervention, participants were discharged to the community. Interview data and urine samples were collected at 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-residential care. Of the sample, 54.8% were classified as higher severity users (using MA more than 18 days in the month before admission) and 45.2% as lower severity users (using MA for up to 18 days in the month before admission). Group differences in MA use outcomes were examined over the 3 timepoints using mixed-multivariate modeling.

While fewer exercise participants returned to MA use compared to education participants at 1-, 3- and 6-months post-discharge, differences were not statistically significant. A significant interaction for self-reported MA use and MA urine drug test results by condition and MA severity was found lower severity users in the exercise group reported using MA significantly fewer days at the three post-discharge timepoints than lower severity users in the education group. Lower severity users in the exercise group also had a lower percentage of positive urine results at the three timepoints than lower severity users in the education group. These relationships were not present in the comparison of the higher severity conditions.

Results support the value of exercise as a treatment component for individuals using MA 18 or fewer days/month.
Results support the value of exercise as a treatment component for individuals using MA 18 or fewer days/month.This prospective study aimed to elucidate the effect of phase-related quantitative parameters of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) with perflubutane microbubble agent to assess the cellular differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Intensity was analyzed in 94 lesions (19.4 ± 4.9 mm, 86 patients), 47 well-differentiated HCCs (wHCCs) and 47 moderately-differentiated HCCs (mHCCs) I(e) (early phase) = I(te) (tumor) - I(le) (liver), I(p) (post-vascular phase) = I(tp) (tumor) - I(lp) (liver), I(ep) = I(e) - I(p). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve with the best cutoff value (I(e), 13.2, I(p), -4.5, I(ep), 21.3) for discriminating between wHCC and mHCC was 0.6922 for Ie, 0.7680 for Ip and 0.7925 for Iep, which indicated a significantly greater ability to differentiate between wHCC and mHCC compared with visual/qualitative assessment (early phase, 0.6170, p = 0.04; post-vascular phase, 0.6702, p = 0.01; both phases, 0.7021, p = 0.04). In conclusion, I(ep) was found to have the highest diagnostic ability, suggesting it is a promising parameter for the cellular differentiation of HCCs with CEUS.The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of quantitative shear wave velocity (SWV) measurement on acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography for differentiation between benign and malignant thyroid nodules using meta-analysis. The databases of PubMed and the Web of Science were searched. Studies published in English on assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of ARFI elastography for the differentiation of thyroid nodules were collected. The quantitative measurement of ARFI elastography was evaluated by SWV (m/s). Meta-Disc Version 1.4 software was used to describe and calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio and summary receiver operating characteristic curves. We analyzed a total of 13 studies, which included 1,854 thyroid nodules (including 1,339 benign nodules and 515 malignant nodules) from 1,641 patients. The summary sensitivity and specificity for differential diagnosis between benign and malignant thyroid nodules by SWV were 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77-0.84) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.81-0.86), respectively. The pooled positive and negative likelihood ratios were 5.21 (95% CI 3.56-7.62) and 0.23 (95% CI 0.17-0.32), respectively. The pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 27.53 (95% CI 14.58-52.01), and the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.91 (Q* = 0.84). In conclusion, SWV measurement on ARFI elastography has high sensitivity and specificity for differential diagnosis between benign and malignant thyroid nodules and can be used in combination with conventional ultrasound.We document a shift in the value assigned to intrinsic incentives people value these incentives more inside an activity than outside the activity (i.e., during vs. before or after pursuit). For example, people care more about the level of interest of their present work task than of past or future work tasks. We document this shift across a variety of activities (exercising, visiting a museum, and lab tasks) and using various measures, including rated importance of intrinsic incentives inside and outside pursuit, actual and planned persistence on activities that offer these incentives, and regret when choosers outside pursuit forgo intrinsic incentives that pursuers later seek. This shift in valuation occurs because intrinsic incentives improve the experience during action pursuit, and therefore, this shift is unique to intrinsic incentives. Extrinsic incentives, by contrast, are valued similarly inside and outside pursuit.Motivation has long been recognized as an important component of how people both differ from, and are similar to, each other. The current research applies the biologically grounded fundamental social motives framework, which assumes that human motivational systems are functionally shaped to manage the major costs and benefits of social life, to understand individual differences in social motives. Using the Fundamental Social Motives Inventory, we explore the relations among the different fundamental social motives of Self-Protection, Disease Avoidance, Affiliation, Status, Mate Seeking, Mate Retention, and Kin Care; the relationships of the fundamental social motives to other individual difference and personality measures including the Big Five personality traits; the extent to which fundamental social motives are linked to recent life experiences; and the extent to which life history variables (e.g., age, sex, childhood environment) predict individual differences in the fundamental social motives. Results suggest that the fundamental social motives are a powerful lens through which to examine individual differences They are grounded in theory, have explanatory value beyond that of the Big Five personality traits, and vary meaningfully with a number of life history variables. Selleck DPCPX A fundamental social motives approach provides a generative framework for considering the meaning and implications of individual differences in social motivation. (PsycINFO Database RecordThe present research addresses the interplay between agency motives and objective dyadic closeness with regard to the functioning of intimate couple relationships. Applying a Person × Situation approach, we hypothesized (a) that partners' implicit and explicit agency motives predict their selection of dyadic living arrangements characterized by high or low objective closeness (coresidence or living-apart-together), (b) that agency motives have more negative effects on relationship functioning in coresident couples, (c) that agency motives predict agentic motivational states in coresident couples, and (d) that agentic states predict day-to-day changes in relationship satisfaction under conditions of high objective closeness. We found support for these between- and within-couple hypotheses in cross-sectional and prospective analyses of an age-heterogeneous sample of 548 heterosexual couples, and in a 2-week diary study with a subsample of 106 couples. Most notably, agentic motive dispositions and motivational states related to relationship functioning more negatively under conditions of high objective closeness. The overall positive effect of objective closeness on relationship functioning was diminished by strong agentic motivation. Perspectives for future research on agency motives in couple relationships are discussed.
We implemented a prospective study among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive adults to examine the association between vitamin-D deficiency (VDD) and insufficiency (VDI) vs sufficiency (VDS) and CD4+T-cell improvement over 18 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

We used data from a randomized placebo-controlled micronutrient trial with 25-hydroxy vitamin-D (25(OH)D) measured at enrollment in 398 adults. CD4+T-cell count was measured repeatedly at months 0, 3, 6, 12 and 18. Linear mixed models quantified the vitamin-D-related differences in CD4+T-cell count and associated 99% confidence intervals at baseline and respective follow-up intervals.

At baseline 23%, 60% and 17% of participants were VDS, VDI and VDD, respectively. Absolute CD4+T- cell counts recovered during follow-up were persistently lower for baseline VDD and VDI relative to VDS participants. The greatest deficit in absolute CD4+T-cells recovered occurred in VDD vs VDS participants with estimates ranging from a minimum deficit of 26 cells/μl (99% CI-77, 26) to a maximum deficit of 65 cells/μl (99% CI-125,-5.5) during follow-up. This VDD-associated lower absolute CD4+T-cell gain was strongest among patients 35 years old or younger and among participants with a baseline body mass index of less than 25kg/m(2).

VDD is associated with lower absolute CD4+T-cell count recovery in HIV-positive patients on HAART. Vitamin-D supplementation may improve CD4+T-cell recovery during HAART. However, future intervention studies are needed to definitively evaluate the effectiveness of this vitamin as an adjunct therapy during HAART.
VDD is associated with lower absolute CD4+T-cell count recovery in HIV-positive patients on HAART. Vitamin-D supplementation may improve CD4+T-cell recovery during HAART. However, future intervention studies are needed to definitively evaluate the effectiveness of this vitamin as an adjunct therapy during HAART.
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