Notes

Quantitative Sonography Modifications in Echotexture as well as Practical Variables after having a Multicomponent Training course in Pre-Frailty Individuals: An airplane pilot Randomized Clinical Trial.
Active learning has been shown to improve student learning and engagement in many 4-year institutions; however, large-scale studies on the efficacy of active learning in community colleges are lacking. In this study, we investigate the effects of active learning in a first semester majors' general biology course at a large, suburban community college by designing and implementing a flipped active-learning model in the course. Our study included 33 sections of general biology class, 16 instructors, and ∼800 students. Students in active-learning sections performed significantly higher on common exam questions than their peers in traditional sections with primarily didactic pedagogy. Although students from the active-learning sections had similar pass rates and grade distributions, they passed subsequent biology courses with significantly higher grades. The 3-year graduation rate for students from active-learning sections was also significantly higher. These findings suggest that a flipped active-learning pedagogy is more effective than traditional didactic methods for teaching general biology concepts and that the improvement in student learning may lead to higher graduation rates.
The first interim analysis of the phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled TITAN study showed that apalutamide significantly improved overall survival (OS) and radiographic progression-free survival in patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (mCSPC) receiving ongoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Herein, we report final efficacy and safety results after unblinding and placebo-to-apalutamide crossover.

Patients with mCSPC (N = 1,052) were randomly assigned 11 to receive apalutamide (240 mg QD) or placebo plus ADT. After unblinding in January 2019, placebo-treated patients were allowed to receive apalutamide. Efficacy end points were updated using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional-hazards model without formal statistical retesting and adjustment for multiplicity. Change from baseline in Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate total score was assessed.

With a median follow-up of 44.0 months, 405 OS events had occurred and 208 placebo-treated patients (39.5%)ite crossover, apalutamide plus ADT improved OS, delayed castration resistance, maintained health-related quality of life, and had a consistent safety profile in a broad population of patients with mCSPC.For biologic scientists, as for the society in general, the year 2020 was one that few will soon forget. see more However, in the realm of science, it is possible that it won't be remembered purely, or even mainly, for the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic and the many discoveries related to its causative agent. Even as non-SARS-related research was brought to a near standstill for much of the year, we may in time come to recognize that revolutionary work in other areas of biology was emerging unnoticed under the shadow of the virus.Maps of the nervous system inspire experiments and theories in neuroscience. Advances in molecular biology over the past decades have revolutionized the definition of cell and tissue identity. Spatial transcriptomics has opened up a new era in neuroanatomy, where the unsupervised and unbiased exploration of the molecular signatures of tissue organization will give rise to a new generation of brain maps. We propose that the molecular classification of brain regions on the basis of their gene expression profile can circumvent subjective neuroanatomical definitions and produce common reference frameworks that can incorporate cell types, connectivity, activity, and other modalities. Here we review the technological and conceptual advances made possible by spatial transcriptomics in the context of advancing neuroanatomy and discuss how molecular neuroanatomy can redefine mapping of the nervous system.The mouse, as a model organism to study the brain, gives us unprecedented experimental access to the mammalian cerebral cortex. By determining the cortex's cellular composition, revealing the interaction between its different components, and systematically perturbing these components, we are obtaining mechanistic insight into some of the most basic properties of cortical function. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of how circuits of cortical neurons implement computations, as revealed by the study of mouse primary visual cortex. Further, we discuss how studying the mouse has broadened our understanding of the range of computations performed by visual cortex. Finally, we address how future approaches will fulfill the promise of the mouse in elucidating fundamental operations of cortex.Linguistic polarity is a natural characteristic of judgments Is that situation safe/dangerous? How difficult/easy was the task? Is that politician honest/dishonest? Across six studies (N = 1599), we tested how the qualitative frame of the question eliciting a risk judgment influenced risk perception and behavior intention. Using a series of hypothetical scenarios of skiing in avalanche terrain, experienced backcountry skiers judged either how safe or how dangerous each scenario was and indicated whether they would ski the scenario. Phrasing risk judgments in terms of safety elicited lower judged safety values, which in turn resulted in a lower likelihood of intending to ski the slope. The frame "safe" did not evoke a more positive assessment than the frame "danger" as might be expected under a valence-consistent or communication-driven framing effect. This seemingly paradoxical direction of the effect suggests that the question frame directed attention in a way that guided selective information sampling. Uncertainty was not required for this effect as it was observed when judging objectively safe, uncertain, and dangerous scenarios. These findings advance our theoretical understanding of framing effects and can inform the development of practices that harness question framing for applied risk perception and communication. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Although time pressure can decisively shape employees' behavior, little remains known about the consequences associated with differing perceptions of time pressure between cooperating individuals. Hence, this investigation uses two experimental studies (across different cultural contexts) to examine the joint role of a focal individual's (i.e., an actor's) and a dyadic interaction partner's time pressure perceptions for the actor's behavior toward the partner. Results demonstrated that actors' time pressure perceptions were positively related to their time-oriented behavior (i.e., pacing and synchronizing joint activities). In Study 1 (but not Study 2), the partner's time pressure moderated this association, such that the linkage between an actor's time pressure and time-oriented behavior was more pronounced when the partner experienced lower (rather than higher) time pressure. Furthermore, across both studies, the partner's time pressure perceptions moderated the linkage between an actor's time pressure and relationship-oriented behavior (i.e., being friendly and considerate). This linkage was positive when the partner experienced high time pressure, but nonsignificant (Study 1) or even negative (Study 2) when the partner experienced low time pressure. Together, these findings advance new insights into the consequences of time pressure in cooperating dyads, illustrating that conflicting time pressure perceptions may critically influence individuals' interpersonal behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Pain affects the lives of many individuals by creating physical, psychological, and economic burdens. A critical psychological factor negatively affected by pain is one's ability to sustain attention. In order to better understand the effect of pain on sustained attention we conducted three experiments utilizing the psychomotor vigilance task, thought probes, and pupillometry. In Experiment 1, participants in acute pain exhibited overall poorer task performance. However, this effect was localized to the relative frequency and duration of the participants' slowest responses with their faster responses being equivalent to a no-pain control group. In Experiment 2, we replicated the procedure and included periodic thought probes to overtly measure subjective experiences during the task. Participants in pain reported fewer "on-task" thoughts and more thoughts directed toward the source of their pain. In Experiment 3, we replicated the procedure while simultaneously tracking pupillary dynamics using an eye-tracker. Participants in pain had smaller task-evoked pupillary responses, which is thought to be an indicator of task engagement. However, the behavioral effects of pain from Experiments 1 and 2 were not replicated in Experiment 3. Taken together, pain led to poorer performance in the form of an increase in the relative frequency and extremeness of slow responses, increases in off-task thoughts, and reductions in a physiological indicator of task engagement. These data speak to theories of how pain competes with task goals for attention and negatively impacts behavior. The broader implications of this work are the identification of a low-level mechanism by which pain can interfere with normal cognitive functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).The rise of peer-to-peer platforms has represented one of the major economic and societal developments observed in the last decade. We investigated whether people engage in racial discrimination in the sharing economy, and how such discrimination might be explained and mitigated. Using a set of carefully controlled experiments (N = 1,599), including a pre-registered study on a nationally representative sample, we find causal evidence for racial discrimination. When an identical apartment is presented with a racial out-group (vs. in-group) host, people report more negative attitudes toward the apartment, lower intentions to rent it, and are 25% less likely to choose the apartment over a standard hotel room in an incentivized choice. Reduced self-congruence with apartments owned by out-group hosts mediates these effects. Left-leaning liberals rated the out-group host as more trustworthy than the in-group host in non-committing judgments and hypothetical choice, but showed the same in-group preference as right-leaning conservatives when making a real choice. Thus, people may overstate their moral and political aspirations when doing so is cost-free. However, even in incentivized choice, racial discrimination disappeared when the apartment was presented with an explicit trust cue, as a visible top-rating by other consumers (5/5 stars). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Intensive case management (ICM) is important in psychiatric rehabilitation but there is a need to "graduate" clients. The purpose of this research was to review the literature on criteria used and outcomes of graduating clients with severe mental illness from ICM programs.

A systematic review conducted in 2019 used keyword searches in all major research databases. This search yielded 1,142 articles which were distilled to 20 studies that reported a graduation process from an ICM program (11 studies), and/or reported clinical or psychosocial outcomes after graduation (15 studies).

Three main methods have been used to determine graduation Clinician judgment (
= 8 studies), rating scales (
= 4), or shared decision-making (
= 3). Across studies, graduation rates ranged from 1% to 25% over a 1-year period, 44% to 65% over a 2-year period, and 9% to 29% over a 4-year period. After graduation, 4%-14% of graduates had to be readmitted to ICM but 60% of studies reported positive client outcomes after graduation which included significant reductions in hospitalizations, and improvements in quality of life, unmet needs for care, and family relationships.
Here's my website: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/XL880(GSK1363089,EXEL-2880).html