Notes

Stomach microbiome composition and solution metabolome account amongst individuals with vertebrae injury as well as regular glucose tolerance as well as prediabetes/type Only two all forms of diabetes.
t B. Memory reconsolidation impairment using the β-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol reduces nightmare severity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder a preliminary study.
. 2022;18(7)1847-1855.
Mallet C, Chick CF, Maatoug R, Fossati P, Brunet A, Millet B. Memory reconsolidation impairment using the β-adrenergic receptor blocker propranolol reduces nightmare severity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder a preliminary study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(7)1847-1855.
In most standardized approaches to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, it is commonly the case that total wake time is reduced substantially during sleep restriction, but self-reported total sleep time (TST) is minimally affected. By follow-up, however, TST increases by almost 1 hour on average. A secondary analysis was undertaken to assess what percentage of participants meet or appreciably exceed baseline TST after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia.

Data were drawn from a randomized controlled trial assessing acute and maintenance therapies for chronic insomnia (n = 80). The present analyses assessed the percentage of participants that 1) reached (≥ 0 minute increase) and 2) appreciably exceeded (≥ 30 minutes increase) baseline TST as assessed via daily sleep diaries at posttreatment and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months following treatment.

By the end of acute treatment, 45% of participants reached or exceeded baseline TST. By 24 months follow-up, this percentage had increased to 86%. Only 17% of participants achieved a 30-minute increase in TST by the end of acute treatment, and this proportion only increased to 58% over time.

These findings suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in its current form does not appreciably increase self-reported TST in a significant proportion of patients with insomnia. Whether participants would benefit from further increases in TST warrants investigation. The further titration of sleep opportunity may be useful to accelerate increases in TST, to extend the effect to a larger subset of patients, and/or to increase the magnitude of the TST gain.

Scott H, Cheung JMY, Muench A, etal. Does total sleep time substantially increase after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia?
. 2022;18(7)1823-1829.
Scott H, Cheung JMY, Muench A, et al. Does total sleep time substantially increase after cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia? J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(7)1823-1829.
New mothers with narcolepsy face difficult decisions about medications and breastfeeding in addition to the more typical challenges of becoming a parent. Scant data are available to guide these choices.

A 30-year-old gravida 1, para 1(G1P1) woman with narcolepsy with cataplexy fed her infant breastmilk for 7 months by exclusive pumping. She chose to discontinue her stimulants at delivery and restarted methylphenidate when her infant was 13 weeks old. The woman tracked milk production on an app geared toward new parents. Average daily volume was 751 ± 228 mL before and 822 ± 177 mL after restarting methylphenidate. Her infant's growth was appropriate and did not decrease after resuming medications.

In this new mother with narcolepsy, resuming methylphenidate did not reduce breastmilk volumes or negatively impact her infant. Tracking apps and other technologies can increase patients' confidence and provide data to address gaps in medical knowledge.

Bello G, Poirier J, Sharkey KM. Successful lactation after resuming methylphenidate in a woman with narcolepsy.
. 2022;18(7)1891-1894.
Bello G, Poirier J, Sharkey KM. Successful lactation after resuming methylphenidate in a woman with narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(7)1891-1894.
To investigate the association between moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea treated with home continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Retrospective study of patients admitted for COVID-19. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with home CPAP were identified and for each of them we selected 5 patients admitted consecutively in the following hours. The main outcome of the study was the development of severe COVID-19, defined as 1) death or 2) a composite outcome of death or the presence of severe hypoxemic respiratory failure at or during admission. The association between CPAP-treated obstructive sleep apnea and these outcomes was estimated by logistic regression analysis after applying inverse probability of treatment weighting using a propensity score-weighting approach.

Of the 2,059 patients admitted, 81 (3.9%) were receiving treatment with home CPAP. Among the 486 patients included in the study, 19% died and 39% presented the composite 2022;18(7)1857-1864.
Robotic pets or companion robots have demonstrated positive effects on several emotional and physiological factors in humans. Robots could constitute a complementary or alternative method to treat sleep problems, but individual studies on robots' effectiveness regarding sleep show mixed results. The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of robots, plush toys, and treatment as usual on sleep in adults.

The current study is a systematic review and frequentist network meta-analysis of all randomized and cluster randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of robots, plush toys, and treatment as usual on total sleep time in adults.

Four studies were included in the analysis. Three studies were considered to have a high risk of bias, whereas one was rated with some concerns. The studies comprised 381 participants. These participants were older adults, with or without dementia, living in nursing homes. The total sleep time was the only common sleep measure included in all 4 studies. The network meta-analysis showed no statistically significant differences between the 3 experimental groups.

The robot interventions were not found to have positive effects on total sleep time in older adults compared with plush toys or treatment as usual. Future studies should use robots especially made to target sleep, include a thorough screening of the participants, and exclude people with adequate sleep, select appropriate sleep measures, and report the results appropriately for future meta-analyses.

Støre SJ, Beckman L, Jakobsson N. The effect of robot interventions on sleep in adults a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
. 2022;18(7)1877-1884.
Støre SJ, Beckman L, Jakobsson N. The effect of robot interventions on sleep in adults a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(7)1877-1884.Bacteria have evolved mechanisms which enable them to control intracellular concentrations of metals. In the case of transition metals, such as copper, iron and zinc, bacteria must ensure enough is available as a cofactor for enzymes whilst at the same time preventing the accumulation of excess concentrations, which can be toxic. Interestingly, metal homeostasis and resistance systems have been found to play important roles in virulence. This review will discuss the copper homeostasis and resistance systems in Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes and the implications that acquisition of additional copper resistance genes may have in these pathogens.Bacteroides fragilis is an obligately anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium and a major colonizer of the human large colon where Bacteroides is a predominant genus. During the growth of an individual clonal population, an astonishing number of reversible DNA inversion events occur, driving within-strain diversity. Additionally, the B. fragilis pan-genome contains a large pool of diverse polysaccharide biosynthesis loci, DNA restriction/modification systems and polysaccharide utilization loci, which generates remarkable between-strain diversity. Diversity clearly contributes to the success of B. fragilis within its normal habitat of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and during infection in the extra-intestinal host environment. Within the GI tract, B. fragilis is usually symbiotic, for example providing localized nutrients for the gut epithelium, but B. fragilis within the GI tract may not always be benign. Metalloprotease toxin production is strongly associated with colorectal cancer. B. fragilis is unique amongst bacteria; some strains export a protein >99 % structurally similar to human ubiquitin and antigenically cross-reactive, which suggests a link to autoimmune diseases. B. fragilis is not a primary invasive enteric pathogen; however, if colonic contents contaminate the extra-intestinal host environment, it successfully adapts to this new habitat and causes infection; classically peritoneal infection arising from rupture of an inflamed appendix or GI surgery, which if untreated, can progress to bacteraemia and death. In this review selected aspects of B. fragilis adaptation to the different habitats of the GI tract and the extra-intestinal host environment are considered, along with the considerable challenges faced when studying this highly variable bacterium.There has been a growing interest in the scientific community to explore the complete potential of phytoconstituents, herbal or plant-based ingredients owing to a range of benefits they bring along. The herbal plants accommodate many phytoconstituents that are responsible for various activities such as anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, hepatoprotective, etc. However, these phytoconstituents are highly sensitive to several environmental and physiological factors such as pH, oxygen, heat, temperature, humidity, stomach acid, enzymes, and light. Hence, there is need for the development of a drug delivery system that can protect the phytoconstituents from both internal and external conditions. In this regard, a microparticulate drug delivery system is considered amongst the ideal choice owing to its small size, ability to protect the environment-sensitive active constituents, in achieving sustained drug delivery, targeted drug delivery, protection of the drug from physiological conditions, minimizing drug-related side effects, etc.Neuroscience did not suddenly become a global endeavor. This article examines the way neuroscience took shape in South Korea focusing on Chan-Woong Park, who launched the Korean Society for Neuroscience in 1992. Park was a pharmacologist who studied ginseng and the brain from the 1970s. By revealing the way Park noted both opportunity and difficulty in the interdisciplinarity of neuroscience, this article reveals the context in which interdisciplinarity shaped studies of the brain in South Korea. To date, historians have followed the flow of knowledge, embedded in materials or instruments, to understand the transnational development of science and technology. This article focuses on the flow of value-interdisciplinarity, per se-which mediated uncertainties in studying the brain and galvanized ignorance in the name of neuroscience. Navitoclax order By revealing the materiality and locality of interdisciplinarity and its role in facilitating ignorance, the article sheds new light on the transnational development of neuroscience.Background Differences in structure and function of the hand and wrist between distinct populations affect our approach to treatment, expectations and functional outcomes. The aim of this study is to compare wrist motion and grip strength in Caucasian, Chinese and Japanese populations. Methods A total of 424 normal wrists were evaluated that included 99 Japanese, 139 Caucasian and 186 Southern Chinese. Demographic information collected included age, gender, hand dominance and occupation. Evaluation included measurement of active motion and grip strength. Motion was measured using a goniometer. Grip strength was evaluated using a JAMAR dynamometer. Demographic information and evaluation was compared among the three cohorts using statistical tests. Multivariate mixed-effect model was further used to assess the racial impact on each evaluation controlling for demographic factors as well as two-hand measurements of everyone. Results There was no difference in global wrist motion between the cohorts. We did find significant differences between the cohorts in all discrete measurements.
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