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OsRLR4 binds towards the OsAUX1 promoter for you to adversely regulate main main rise in hemp.
Furthermore, the non-target biocontrol agent of Trichoderma spp. was strongly inhibited by tebuconazole. Taken together, the non-target effects of tebuconazole are likely not significant under favorable plant growing conditions, but are considerable due to low-temperature stress.A new and devastating disease, rapid ohia death (ROD), in Hawaii led to a state quarantine that regulates inter-island transport of ohia wood and plant material to prevent spread of the causal pathogens. Heat treatments of ohia logs in commercial trade were considered for phytosanitary treatment. Vacuum steam (VS) was evaluated for its ability to eradicate the pathogens, Ceratocystis lukuohia and/or C. huliohia, in main stem logs from ROD-affected forest trees. Replicate loads of three de-barked logs (24 to 43 cm diameter; 1.7 to 2.0 m long) were VS-treated at 56° C for 30 min (5 loads) or 60° C for 60 min (4 loads) at a sapwood depth equal to 70% of log radius. Percent isolation of Ceratocystis from VS and ambient temperature logs prior to treatment and summarized by source tree ranged from 12 to 66% and 6 to 31% based on carrot baiting assays of tissue taken from outer and inner sapwood, respectively. No viable Ceratocystis was detected in either sapwood locations for the 60° C/ 60 min schedule or for the inner locations for the 56° C/ 30 min schedule following treatment. Only one subsample (0.48%, n=208) of the latter schedule treatment yielded Ceratocystis. Time required for treatment ranged from 7.4 to 15 h for the 56° C/ 30 min schedule and from 8.6 to 19.2 h for the 60° C/ 60 min schedule. These results demonstrate VS is an effective and efficient method for treating large diameter ohia logs that mill owners and regulatory plant pathologists may consider for use in Hawaii.Sea buckthorn（Hippophae rhamnoides L.） is a flowering shrub native to cold-temperate regions of Eurasia, which is also valuable for its berries and leaves containing various vitamins and flavonoids (Pundir et al. 2021). In late June 2020, high mortality (more than 70%) was observed in sea buckthorn in a 1.6-ha seedling nursery in Chaoyang City, Liaoning province, China, where 16 Chinese and Russian cultivars (cv.) had been planted since 2014 (cv. Shenqiuhong, eshi01 through eshi15). The mortality of two introduced sea buckthorn varieties (eshi02, eshi04) was 100% (125 trees died in total). The symptoms include massive drooping leaves and dried-up stems on 6-year-old infected trees. Pieces of tree roots and stems with brown discoloration in the xylem vessels were selected. Small tissue fragments (0.2-0.5 cm) were surface disinfested (3 min in 75% ethanol, rinsed with sterile distilled water), air-dried, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium for 5 days at 25°C in the dark. A fungus was consistently isose observed on sea buckthorn trees infected with Fusarium sporotrichioides in Gansu and Heilongjiang provinces (Song et al. 2010; Xia et al. 2021). To our knowledge, this is the first report of sea buckthorn stem wilt caused by F. proliferatum in Liaoning province, China, which will be beneficial for expanding knowledge of Fusarium disease in sea buckthorn and provide more information for sustainable disease management in sea buckthorn.Dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus & H. undatus) is a rapidly growing commodity in Taiwan. The production acreage has been tripled since 2011, with an estimation of over 2,800 ha in 2019. From disease survey conducted in July 2020, reddish orange to blackish brown lesions similar to stem canker caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum on dragon fruit cladodes (Supplementary Fig. S1, Q) were observed from two orchards in Central Taiwan. Diseased cladodes were brought back to the lab, surface disinfested with 70% ethanol for 15 to 30 sec, and then blotted dried with a paper towel. Small pieces (about 3x3 mm) of necrotic spots were excised, placed on 2% water agar (WA) plates, and incubated with 12 h photoperiod at 28 ± 2 ℃ for 3 days. Among the necrotic spots that were used for fungal isolation, some were detected to have N. dimidiatum accounting for 21 isolates, while three isolates detected in other spots were unknown. Single hyphal tips of the three unknown fungal colonies with similar morphology were transferresian countries such as Thailand, Bangladesh and Malaysia (Udayanga et al. 2012; Karim et al. 2019; Huda-Shakirah et al. 2021). To our knowledge, this is the first report of stem rot caused by D. ueckerae in Taiwan. Since the field symptoms may be easily confused with those caused by N. dimidiatum, the potential threat of Diaporthe species complex on dragon fruit should be aware and may warrant further study.In June 2018 and 2019, charcoal rot-like symptoms and black microsclerotia suggestive of Macrophomina phaseolina infection were observed on the basal stems of citrullus lanatus cv. 'Zaojia', causing premature death. About 1 hectare of 'Zaojia' had been investigated, disease incidence rates were almost 50%, resulting in a 40% yield loss in a single field in Shanghai, China (31°23'N , 121°33'E). A fungus was consistently isolated from infected watermelon tissues. In total, 30 cuttings from 10 infected seedlings were surface disinfected with 3% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min, washed thrice with sterile distilled water, air dried, and transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). Dishes were incubated for 3 days at 27°C in the dark. Twenty four single hypha subcultures were obtained from these samples and were cultured for an additional 5 days at 27°C. Colonies were initially white, and then became grey black (Fig.1A). During the more advanced stages of infection, black microsclerotia were produced that were spherices from this isolate shared 100% homology with other M. phaseolina isolates (MT645816.1 and MN263167.1). As such, M. phaseolina was confirmed to be the pathogen responsible for watermelon charcoal rot in the present report, which resulted in the death of infected watermelons before maturity, causing fruits to lose their commodity value. This report is the first to our knowledge to identify M. phaseolina as a causal pathogen of watermelon charcoal rot in China.Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. (Sapindaceae), soapberry is an important biodiesel tree in southern China. In recent years, leaf spot disease on soapberry has been observed frequently in soapberry germplasm repository, Jianning County, Sanming City, Fujian Province, China. The symptoms initially appeared as irregular small yellow spots, and the center of the lesions became dark brown with time. Three fungal isolates from lesions were collected. Koch's postulates were performed, and their pathogenicity was confirmed. Morphologically, α conidia from diseased tissues were 1-celled, hyaline, smooth, clavate or ellipsoidal, biguttulate, and measured 6.2-7.2 × 2.3-2.7 μm. In addition, the three isolates in this study developed three types (α, β, and γ) of conidia on PDA, and their morphological characteristics matched those of Diaporthe. A phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, TEF, TUB, HIS, and CAL sequence data determined that the three isolates are a new species of Diaporthe. Based on both morphological and phylogenetic analyses, the causal fungus, Diaporthe sapindicola sp. nov. was described and illustrated.The colloidal probe technique, which is based on micrometer-sized colloidal particles that are attached to the end of a cantilever, revolutionized direct force measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM). compound 3i solubility dmso Its major advantages are a defined interaction geometry and a high force sensitivity. Here, we present a versatile and simple approach for preparing spherical electrodes in the micrometer range on an otherwise insulated AFM cantilever. Thereby, it becomes possible to combine direct force measurements and potentiostatic control of the probe for various types of electrode materials. Two examples for the use of such electrochemical colloidal probes (eCP) are presented First, on soft, conductive films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOTPSS) the adhesion behavior was studied. The current through the contact area between the probe and film remained constant until the jump-out of contact, indicating a constant geometrical contact area. Second, the long-range forces due to diffuse layer overlap between an eCP and a glass surface have been determined as a function of the externally applied potential. The resulting interaction force profiles are in good agreement with those calculated based on charge regulation and solutions of the full Poisson-Boltzmann equation.Separation operations are critical across a wide variety of manufacturing industries and account for about one-quarter of all in-plant energy consumption in the United States. Conventional liquid-liquid separation operations require either thermal or chemical treatment, both of which have a large environmental impact and carbon footprint. Consequently, there is a great need to develop sustainable, clean methodologies for separation of miscible liquid mixtures. The greatest opportunities to achieve this lie in replacing high-energy separation operations (e.g., distillation) with low-energy alternatives such as liquid-liquid extraction. One of the primary design challenges in liquid-liquid extraction is to maximize the interfacial area between two immiscible (e.g., polar and nonpolar) liquids for efficient mass transfer. However, this often involves energy-intensive methods including ultrasonication, pumping the feed and the extractant through packed columns with high tortuosity, or using a supercritical fluid as an extractant. Emulsifying the feed and the extractant, especially with a surfactant, offers a large interfacial area, but subsequent separation of emulsions can be energy-intensive and expensive. Thus, emulsions are typically avoided in conventional extraction operations. Herein, we discuss a novel, easily scalable, platform separation methodology termed CLEANS (continuous liquid-liquid extraction and in-situ membrane separation). CLEANS integrates emulsion-enhanced extraction with continuous, gravity-driven, membrane-based separation of emulsions into a single unit operation. Our results demonstrate that the addition of a surfactant and emulsification significantly enhance extraction (by >250% in certain cases), even for systems where the best extractants for miscible liquid mixtures are known. Utilizing the CLEANS methodology, we demonstrate continuous separation of a wide range of miscible liquid mixtures, including soluble organic molecules from oils, alcohols from esters, and even azeotropes.Helically chiral poly(quinoxaline-2,3-diyl)s bearing 4-(dipropylamino)pyridin-3-yl pendants at the 5-position of the quinoxaline ring (PQXdpap) exhibited high catalytic activities and moderate to high selectivities (up to s = 87) in the acylative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols. The solvent-dependent helical chirality switching of PQXdpap between pure toluene and a 11 mixture of toluene and 1,1,2-trichloroethane enabled the preparation of either compound of a pair of enantiomerically pure alcohols (>99% ee) from a single catalyst.Poly(diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDPA) is a pH- and thermally responsive water-soluble polymer. This study deepens the understanding of its phase separation behavior upon heating. Phase separation upon heating was investigated in salt solutions of varying pH and ionic strength. The effect of the counterion on the phase transition upon heating is clearly demonstrated for chloride-, phosphate-, and citrate-anions. Phase separation did not occur in pure water. The buffer solutions exhibited similar cloud points, but phase separation occurred in different pH ranges and with different mechanisms. The solution behavior of a block copolymer comprising poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and PDPA was investigated. Since the PDMAEMA and PDPA blocks phase separate within different pH- and temperature ranges, the block copolymer forms micelle-like structures at high temperature or pH.
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