Notes

Potato Fruit juice, a Starchy foods Industry Waste, like a Cost-Effective Channel for your Biosynthesis involving Microbe Cellulose.
l-Isoleucine produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80189 is considered as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l-isoleucine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-isoleucine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-cystine produced using Pantoea ananatis NITE BP-02525 when used as a nutritional additive (amino acid) or as a sensory additive (flavouring compound) in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. l-Cystine is a dispensable sulfur-containing amino acid, naturally occurring in proteins of plants and animals. The amino acid l-cystine produced by fermentation with P. ananatis NITE BP-02525 is safe for all animal species, if the requirements for sulfur-containing amino acids are respected. The maximum amount of l-cystine that can be safely added to the diet will depend on the levels of other sulfur amino acids. This conclusion would also cover its use as a sensory additive. The use of l-cystine produced by fermentation with P. ananatis NITE BP-02525 in animal nutrition raises no safety concerns to consumers of animal products. The additive under assessment is considered slightly irritating by inhalation, not irritating to the skin or eyes and is not a skin sensitiser. There is no risk for persons handling the additive from the exposure to endotoxins by inhalation. The use of the l-cystine produced by fermentation with P. ananatis NITE BP-02525 as a feed additive does not represent a risk to the environment. l-Cystine is considered efficacious in partially meeting the requirements of sulfur-containing amino acids in all animal species. For the supplemental l-cystine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen. It is also considered efficacious as a feed flavouring compound under the proposed conditions of use.Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-lysine monohydrochloride and l-lysine sulfate produced using Corynebacterium glutamicum CGMCC 7.266 when used as a nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The active substance is l-lysine and it is produced in two different forms (monohydrochloride or sulfate salts). None of those forms pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strain. l-Lysine HCl and l-lysine sulfate produced by C. glutamicum CGMCC 7.266 are considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. For both products, the FEEDAP Panel has concerns regarding the safety for the target species when the additives are administered via feed and water for drinking, simultaneously. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of both forms of the additive for the user. The products under assessment are considered efficacious sources of the amino acid l-lysine for all animal species. For these products to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, they require protection against degradation in the rumen.Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a dried aqueous ethanol extract of leaves from Olea europaea L., when used as a sensory feed additive for all animal species. The extract is specified to contain ≥ 20% oleuropein. As a full analysis of the extract was not provided, about 70% of the extract remained uncharacterised. In view of the inadequate chemical and toxicological characterisation of the additive, the FEEDAP Panel is unable to conclude on the safety for the target species, the consumers and the users. O. europaea L. is a native species to Europe where it is widely grown for commercial purposes. Use of the extract from the plant in animal production is not expected to pose a risk for the environment. In the absence of data showing the sensory properties of the additive under assessment, the Panel could not conclude on the efficacy of olive leaf extract from O. europaea L. when used as sensory additive.Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of 4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one [07.024] and benzophenone [07.032] belonging to chemical group 21, when used as feed flavourings for all animal species. They are currently authorised for use as flavours in food. The use of 4-phenyl-3-butene-2-one [07.024] is safe at the proposed normal use levels of 1 mg/kg complete feed for all animal species. Benzophenone [07.032] is safe at the proposed normal use levels of 1 mg/kg complete feed for all animal species except chicken for fattening, laying hens and piglets, for which the calculated safe concentration in feed is 0.5 mg/kg. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of 4-phenyl-3-butene-2-one [07.024] and benzophenone [07.032] as feed flavourings. In the absence of studies to assess the safety for the user, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety for users when handling the additives. The use of 4-phenyl-3-butene-2-one [07.024] and benzophenone [07.032] in animal feed at the maximum safe use level in feed is also considered safe for the environment. Since the compounds under assessment are used in food as flavourings and their function in feed is essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is necessary.Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a dried aqueous ethanol extract of Melissa officinalis L. leaves when used as a sensory feed additive for all animal species. The aqueous ethanol extract is specified to contain ≥ 10% of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives including ≥ 3% of rosmarinic acid. Considering the contradictory data from the Ames tests and uncertainty about the qualitative and quantitative presence of flavonoids and other compounds in the extract from M. officinalis L. leaves, the FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on the genotoxicity of the additive under assessment. Although the identified components of the extract do not raise concerns for the safety of target species, the analysis of the extract is incomplete. In the absence of adequate analytical and safety data, the FEEDAP Panel is unable to conclude on the safety of the additive for the target species. The use of M. officinalis L. leaf dried extract in animal feed at the proposed use level does not raise significantly the exposure levels of the consumer for compounds derived from this plant. However, in the absence of adequate data on genotoxicity, the Panel cannot conclude on the safety for the consumer. In the absence of specific studies, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of the additive for the user. M. officinalis L. is a native species to Europe and its use in animal nutrition is not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since M. officinalis L. and its extracts are recognised to flavour food and its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary for the extract.Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Ecobiol® when used as a zootechnical additive in feed for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying at 1.0 × 109 colony forming units (CFU)/kg feed. Ecobiol® is the trade name for a feed additive based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940, currently authorised for use in chickens for fattening. This opinion concerns the renewal of the authorisation of Ecobiol® for chickens for fattening and the evaluation of the new use with chickens reared for laying. The applicant has provided evidence that the additive currently in the market complies with the existing conditions of authorisation. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that Ecobiol® is safe under the current conditions of authorisation for the target species (chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying), consumers of products from animals fed the additive and the environment. Ecobiol® is not irritant to skin/eye or a skin sensitiser but should be considered a potential respiratory sensitiser. Due to a high dusting potential, exposure of users by inhalation is likely. There is no need for assessing the efficacy of Ecobiol® in the context of the renewal of the authorisation. Trichostatin A manufacturer The additive, at the level of 1 × 109 CFU/kg feed, has the potential to be efficacious in chickens reared for laying.Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-tryptophan produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Escherichia coli CGMCC 7.267 when used as a nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species and categories. The production strain E. coli CGMCC 7.267 is safe for the production of l-tryptophan. No viable cells or DNA of the production strain were detected in the additive under assessment. The use of l-tryptophan produced using E. coli CGMCC 7.267 in supplementing feed to compensate for tryptophan deficiency in feedingstuffs is safe for non-ruminant target species. However, excess doses would create amino acid imbalances with negative consequences on animal performance. The use of unprotected l-tryptophan in feed poses safety concerns for ruminants. The use of l-tryptophan produced by fermentation with E. coli CGMCC 7.267 in animal nutrition is considered safe for the consumers and for the environment. The endotoxin activity in the product and its dusting potential indicate an inhalation risk for the user. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the potential of the additive to be irritant to skin and eyes or to be a skin sensitiser. The additive l-tryptophan produced using E. coli CGMCC 7.267 is regarded as an effective source of the amino acid l-tryptophan. In order to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminants, it should be protected from ruminal degradation.Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA) for pigs, poultry, bovines, sheep, goats, rabbits and horses. In 2015, the FEEDAP Panel delivered an opinion on the safety and efficacy of HMTA. In that opinion, the Panel noted that the residues of HMTA in the silage amounted to about 5% of the inclusion level of 600 mg HMTA/kg fresh ensiling material. Since the HMTA residues in silage were analysed as formaldehyde, it was not possible to quantify the contribution of formaldehyde and HMTA to the residues. In the absence of a qualitative and quantitative characterisation of the residues, the Panel could not conclude on the safety of HMTA for the target species. Based on the results of a new study in which HMTA was measured in silage, the concentration of HMTA dropped below the limit of quantification of 6 mg HMTA/kg silage, which corresponds to ~ 1% of the HMTA inclusion level in the fresh ensiling material.
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