Notes

Including health equity directly into price evaluation: frameworks, offering choices, as well as upcoming guidelines.
As long as the dsm in its current form constitutes an important part of our diagnostic 'arsenal', we advise clinicians to register comorbid classifications in as much detail as possible and at the same time to give close attention to the correct interpretation of the phenomenon.
Psychiatric comorbidity is an inevitable consequence of a categorical approach to psychopathology, which is basically legitimate. As long as the dsm in its current form constitutes an important part of our diagnostic 'arsenal', we advise clinicians to register comorbid classifications in as much detail as possible and at the same time to give close attention to the correct interpretation of the phenomenon.
Research shows that in most countries the number of elderly persons is increasing and that close relationships in late life are playing a more important role. Therefore, it is surprising that there have been so few publications about family therapy for the elderly.

To formulate some guidelines for psychotherapy for family members in their later years and to make suggestions regarding further research.

We summarise the existing literature and focus on important themes about working with the elderly, supplementing major issues with our own clinical experience.

Family therapy with the elderly differs from therapy for younger adults in some respects; for instance, the emphasis in the case of the elderly is more on strengthening the viability of a long/standing relationship. The reversal of roles that often accompanies the ageing process and leads to increasing dependency is another factor that affects the elderly more than the younger adults. If the last stage of life is to finish calmly and amicably, therapists need to tackle any tensions or injustices that patients have experienced in the course of their relationships.

Psychotherapy for the elderly needs to provide clients with constant opportunities for reflection and should initiate discussions about partners' experiences of tensions and injustices in their earlier relationship. However, the increasing number of elderly persons means that more empirical research needs to be done into systematic psychotherapy.
Psychotherapy for the elderly needs to provide clients with constant opportunities for reflection and should initiate discussions about partners' experiences of tensions and injustices in their earlier relationship. However, the increasing number of elderly persons means that more empirical research needs to be done into systematic psychotherapy.
The ability to mentalise or continue to mentalise is considered relevant for our understanding of the progenesis of various psychiatric disorders and is seen as a common factor in various forms of psychotherapy. Until now, however, there has not been any easy to handle instrument available which clinicians can use to measure the nature and degree of a patient's mentalisation ability. The Reflective Functioning Rating Scale (RFRS) is an instrument that is developed to meet the need for such measurements.

To investigate the scale structure, reliability, validity and usefulness of this new rating scale in a psychotherapeutic population.

We conducted a cross-sectional study among psychotherapy patients and their therapists using the infrastructure of routine outcome monitoring for data sampling.

The items in the RFRS could be grouped in three clinically meaningful dimensions Adequate Mentalising (AM), Blocked Mentalising (BM) and Non-Mentalised Behaviour (NMB). The first two dimensions had an excellent internal consistency, the third (NMB) fell short. The inter-rater reliability of all three scales was unsatisfactory. The construct and concurrent validity were disappointing. Finally, the usefulness of the instrument, as experienced by the therapists was below the required standard and needs to be upgraded.

In psychotherapeutic and psychiatric practice mentalising is a frequently used concept. So far, there is no instrument available which allows clinicians to measure the nature and degree of mentalisation. In its present form the RFRS is not up to the required standard.
In psychotherapeutic and psychiatric practice mentalising is a frequently used concept. So far, there is no instrument available which allows clinicians to measure the nature and degree of mentalisation. In its present form the RFRS is not up to the required standard.
Little is known about the epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in university students.

To investigate the prevalence of adult ADHD and comorbid psychiatric symptoms and their effect on the academic performance of first-year university students, and to find out to what extent these students make use of the mental health services of the university.

All first-year students at the University of Leuven in Belgium were asked to complete a computer-assisted survey with a weighted cross-sectional design (n=4,921, response rate=65.4%). The ADHD of these students was measured with the help of the ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-6).

On the basis of the threshold used, we found that between 1.4 and 8.3% of the entire population of first-year students met the criteria for ADHD. Even after controlling for sociodemographic variables, we found that ADHD was associated with a wide range of emotional problems including suicide attempts (OR=9.10; Cohen's d=0.53), binge eating (OR=5.87; Cohen's d=0.42), or psychotic symptoms (ORS 4.44-4.69; Cohen's d=0.36-0.37). Students with ADHD were 2.46-3.84 times more likely to have a total grading percentage below 50 at the end of the academic year. Current use and lifetime use of the professional mental health services were estimated in the 7.6-15.5% and 26.5-41.5% range, respectively.

Adult ADHD is common among first-year university students and is associated with comorbid psychiatric symptoms and poor academic performance. It is therefore surprising that so few students actually receive treatment for their psychiatric and emotional problems.
Adult ADHD is common among first-year university students and is associated with comorbid psychiatric symptoms and poor academic performance. It is therefore surprising that so few students actually receive treatment for their psychiatric and emotional problems.To determine the utility of oral swabs for diagnosing infection with Ebola virus, we used a guinea pig model and obtained daily antemortem and postmortem swab samples. According to quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis, the diagnostic value was poor for antemortem swab samples but excellent for postmortem samples.Microfluidic hanging-drop networks enable culturing and analysis of 3D microtissue spheroids derived from different cell types under controlled perfusion and investigating inter-tissue communication in multi-tissue formats. In this paper we introduce a compact on-chip pumping approach for flow control in hanging-drop networks. The pump includes one pneumatic chamber located directly above one of the hanging drops and uses the surface tension at the liquid-air-interface for flow actuation. Mycophenolate mofetil Control of the pneumatic protocol provides a wide range of unidirectional pulsatile and continuous flow profiles. With the proposed concept several independent hanging-drop networks can be operated in parallel with only one single pneumatic actuation line at high fidelity. Closed-loop medium circulation between different organ models for multi-tissue formats and multiple simultaneous assays in parallel are possible. Finally, we implemented a real-time feedback control-loop of the pump actuation based on the beating of a human iPS-derived cardiac microtissue cultured in the same system. This configuration allows for simulating physiological effects on the heart and their impact on flow circulation between the organ models on chip.Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin derivatives in Southeast Asia threatens global malaria control strategies. Whether delayed parasite clearance, which exposes larger parasite numbers to artemisinins for longer times, selects higher-grade resistance remains unexplored. We investigated whether long-lasting artemisinin pressure selects a novel multidrug-tolerance profile. Although 50% inhibitory concentrations for 10 antimalarial drugs tested were unchanged, drug-tolerant parasites showed higher recrudescence rates for endoperoxides, quinolones, and an antifolate, including partner drugs of recommended combination therapies, but remained susceptible to atovaquone. Moreover, the age range of intraerythrocytic stages able to resist artemisinin was extended to older ring forms and trophozoites. Multidrug tolerance results from drug-induced quiescence, which enables parasites to survive exposure to unrelated antimalarial drugs that inhibit a variety of metabolic pathways. This novel resistance pattern should be urgently monitored in the field because this pattern is not detected by current assays and represents a major threat to antimalarial drug policy.The development of mucoadhesive lipidic nanoemulsion based on hyaluronic acid, co-encapsulating two polyphenols (resveratrol and curcumin) for the transnasal treatment of neurodegenerative diseases was attempted in the current manuscript. Nanoemulsions were prepared by the spontaneous emulsification method, and were characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, mucoadhesive strength and morphology. The selected formula was tested for its antioxidant potential, in vitro and ex vivo release of the two polyphenols, safety on nasal mucosa and in vivo quantification of the two drugs in rat brains. Its stability was tested by monitoring the change in particle size, zeta potential, drugs' content and antioxidant potential upon storage for 3 months. The optimized hyaluronic acid based nanoemulsion formula displayed a particle size of 115.2 ± 0.15 and a zeta potential of -23.9 ± 1.7. The formula displayed a spherical morphology and significantly higher mucoadhesive strength compared to its non mucoadhesive counterpart. In addition, the nanoemulsion was able to preserve the antioxidant ability of the two polyphenols and protect them from degradation. Diffusion controlled release of the two drugs was achievable till 6 hours, with an ex vivo flux across sheep nasal mucosa of 2.86 and 2.09 µg/cm(2)hr for resveratrol and curcumin, respectively. Moreover, the mucoadhesive nanoemulsion was safe on nasal mucosa and managed to increase the amounts of the two polypehnols in the brain (about 7 and 9 folds increase in AUC0-7 h for resveratrol and curcumin, respectively). Hyaluronic acid based lipidic nanoemulsion proved itself as a successful carrier enhancing the solubility, stability and brain targetability of polyphenols.Quantum chemical calculations have been carried out to investigate the structures, vibrational frequencies, and thermochemistry of the products of BrHg(•) reactions with atmospherically abundant radicals Y(•) (Y = NO2, HO2, ClO, BrO, or IO). The coupled cluster method with single and double excitations (CCSD), combined with relativistic effective core potentials, is used to determine the equilibrium geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies of BrHgY species. The BrHg-Y bond energies are refined using CCSD with a noniterative estimate of the triple excitations (CCSD(T)) combined with core-valence correlation consistent basis sets. We also assess the performances of various DFT methods for calculating molecular structures and vibrational frequencies of BrHgY species. We attempted to estimate spin-orbit coupling effects on bond energies computed by comparing results from standard and two-component spin-orbit density functional theory (DFT) but obtained unphysical results. The results of the present work will provide guidance for future studies of the halogen-initiated chemistry of mercury.
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