Notes

Non-specific porins associated with Gram-negative bacterias while protein that contain intrinsically disordered parts along with amyloidogenic probable.
To analyse whether pre-exercise CHO + PRO vs. CHO intake distinctly influences running performance and metabolic biomarkers along a various of exercise intensities.

In a randomised, double blind, counterbalanced, crossover and placebo control design, 10 middle distance runners were tested in 3 occasions. After 10 h of fasting, participants ingested isovolumic beverages (0.75 + 0.25g·BW-1 of CHO + PRO, 1.0g·BW-1 of CHO and placebo control) 30 min before a treadmill running incremental protocol of 4 min steps until exhaustion. Venous blood was collected at fasting, 30 min after beverage ingestion and after the 3rd and 7th running steps. Oxygen uptake-related variables, including respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, free fatty acids, blood lactate concentrations, gastrointestinal discomfort and rate of perceived exertion were measured.

The addition of PRO to CHO had no influence on the measured variables, which did not differ between conditions along all incremental protocol intensities. The intake of CHO + PRO (compared to CHO) tended to decrease glycaemia (106.5 ± 21.3 vs. 113.6 ± 26.5) and to increase insulinaemia (14.4 ± 15.1 vs. 12.7 ± 10.8) at intensities close to maximum oxygen uptake.

The addition of PRO to a pre-exercise CHO beverage had no impact on running performance and related metabolic variables at a wide spectrum of exercise intensities.
The addition of PRO to a pre-exercise CHO beverage had no impact on running performance and related metabolic variables at a wide spectrum of exercise intensities.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy requirements of the aerobic oxidative, anaerobic lactic (glycolytic), or anaerobic alactic systems in highly trained amateur boxers during a 3 x 3-min-round boxing fight.

On three separate occasions, 10 highly trained male amateur boxers undertook a progressive treadmill run, a progressive bag-punching exercise, and a full-contact competitive boxing fight of the 3 × 3-min format. Expired gas and heart rate (HR) were recorded throughout all exercise tasks, with the exception of a gas analysis during the competitive fight. Total energy expenditure and the contribution of the three major energy-supply systems were calculated based on oxygen uptake (V̇ O2) and HR during exercise, blood lactate accumulation, and excess V̇O2 during the fast phase of the recovery.

The blood lactate concentration was >15 (range, 12-18) mmol·L-1 after the fight. The HR reached >93% of the maximal (HRmax) in rounds 1 and 2 and >97% in the final round, and was strongly correlated with HRmax (r = 0.885). The average calculated O2 uptake during the boxing fight was 89% of V̇O2max, whereas O2 uptake equivalent calculated from the involvement of all three major energy supply systems was 122% of V̇O2max. The calculated energy provision during the fight was 73% aerobic, 19% anaerobic alactic and 8% anaerobic glycolytic.

In highly trained male amateur boxers, 3 x 3-min boxing match elicits very high HR and blood lactate levels with predominant involvement of aerobic and substantial contribution of anaerobic alactic energy systems.
In highly trained male amateur boxers, 3 x 3-min boxing match elicits very high HR and blood lactate levels with predominant involvement of aerobic and substantial contribution of anaerobic alactic energy systems.
High solar radiation from the sun in the heat outdoor may be impaired exercise capacity. This study aimed to compare the effects of different levels of solar radiation on exercise capacity and evaluate skin temperature responses in the heat.

Seven male participants performed cycling exercise at 60% of their maximal oxygen uptake until volitional exhaustion in hot outdoor environments (approximately 33-35°C, 40-50% relative humidity) under both clear sky (high solar radiation trial 1062 ± 50 W/m2) and under thick clouds (low solar radiation trial 438 ± 52 W/m2).

The time to exhaustion of the participants was shorter in the high solar radiation trial (32.0 ± 12.4 min) than in the low solar radiation trial (39.2 ± 18.0 min P = .045). Mean skin temperature was significantly higher in the high solar radiation trial than that in the low solar radiation trial (P < .05); however, the rectal temperature did not differ significantly between the two trials. The high solar radiation trial had narrower core-to-skin temperature gradient, greater the body heat gain from the sun, and higher rating of perceived exertion than the low solar radiation trial.

These results indicate that high solar radiation during outdoor exercise in the heat causes a greater increase in skin temperature and body heat gain from the sun than low solar radiation and consequently impairs exercise capacity.
These results indicate that high solar radiation during outdoor exercise in the heat causes a greater increase in skin temperature and body heat gain from the sun than low solar radiation and consequently impairs exercise capacity.
The COVID-19 pandemic forced collegiate athletes to train at home, without access to facilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 stay-at-home order on body composition of Division I football players, with a secondary aim to evaluate these changes between players with 'higher' (>25 kg/m2) and 'lower' (<25 kg/m2) fat-free mass index (kg/m2).

Body composition of 29 NCAA Division I football players (Age=21.0±10 yr, Ht=186.7±5.6 cm, body mass=110.5±22.8 kg) were measured Spring season (February) and prior to pre-season (June). Whole body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were used to determine regional (arms, legs, trunk) and total body fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and fat-free mass (FFM). Fat-free mass index (FFMI) was calculated as [LM+Bone Mineral Content (BMC)]/Height2); participants were stratified by FFMI higher (n=16) and lower (n=13).

Total LM (Mean Difference ± Standard Error 0.80 ± 1.65 kg, p=0.016) increased from pre- to post-COVID stay-at-home. No significant changes in total FM were seen. Players with lower FFMI showed a significant decrease in trunk FM (-0.55± 0.19 kg, p=0.016). Players with higher FFMI showed a significant increase in total LM (0.96±0.42 kg, p=0.038).

These results suggest no detrimental effect on body composition.
These results suggest no detrimental effect on body composition.
The purpose of this study was to compare the properties of the triceps surae and Achilles tendon of forefoot strike runners and non-forefoot strike runners.

Fourteen male college forefoot strike runners and 11 non-forefoot strike runners participated in this study. The shear elastic moduli and cross-sectional areas of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius, soleus, and Achilles tendon were measured. selleck compound Passive ankle joint stiffness, maximum voluntary isometric contraction on plantar flexion and rebound jump index were also measured.

Forefoot strike runners had higher shear elastic moduli of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius, higher passive ankle joint stiffness, higher rebound jump index, and greater crosssectional area of the gastrocnemius and Achilles tendon than non-forefoot strike runners.

These findings suggest that forefoot strike runners have different mechanical properties in the gastrocnemius muscles, and different morphological properties in the Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius muscles, compared with non-forefoot strike runners.
These findings suggest that forefoot strike runners have different mechanical properties in the gastrocnemius muscles, and different morphological properties in the Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius muscles, compared with non-forefoot strike runners.
SARS-COVID-19 emergency forced athletes to train at home on their own and mostly unsupervised, making it difficult to provide training solutions. The aims of the study were 1) to collect data and experiences from a Serie A male football team, a top-level female football team and a male young elite football team; 2) to compare data from lockdown and pre-lockdown period; 3) to report changes in training strategies adopted to overcome logistical constraints and 4) to evaluate their congruence to cardio, strength and stretching recommendation mentioned above; 5) to report compliance through player daily feedback.

Three different professional football teams were enrolled. From March 16, 2020 to April 13, 2020, data for each team were recorded weekly and compared to a standard training period (October 15-November 15, 2019) from the same groups. The Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Total Quality of Recovery (TQR) values were used to compare the two periods using The Student t-tesng among younger players improved compliance and aggregation.
Exercise associated collapse (EAC) is a common medical encounter at distance running events. Risk factors associated with EAC are not well documented. The objective is to determine the overall incidence of EAC and identify risk factors associated with EAC in 21.1km and 56km runners.

A cross-sectional analysis of 153208 race starters from the Two Oceans Marathon races (2008-2015). All EACs on race day were documented by medical staff. Risk factors associated with EAC investigated included demographics, race distance (21.1km vs. 56km), running speed, race experience and race day environmental data (wet-bulb globe temperature [WBGT], humidity, wind speed). Incidence (per 1000 starters; 95%CIs) and incidence ratios (95%CIs) were calculated.

The overall incidence of EAC was 1.50 (95% CI 1.31-1.71). Longer race distance (IR 2.1; 1.6-2.7; p<0.0001) and slower running speed (IR 1.3; 1.1-1.5; p=0.0017) were significant risk factors associated with EAC. The incidence of EAC was higher in female vs. male 21.1km race starters (IR=2.25; 1.47-3.46; p=0.0229). Age and environmental conditions were not associated with EAC (p>0.05) in a cool and temperate environment.

About 1 in 667 race starters (21.1km and 56km) develop EAC. Longer race distance, slower running speed and female sex (in 21.1km starters) are significant risk factors associated with EAC. Race medical directors can identify race entrants that may be at risk of developing EAC, develop prevention strategies and better prepare medical care at these events.
About 1 in 667 race starters (21.1km and 56km) develop EAC. Longer race distance, slower running speed and female sex (in 21.1km starters) are significant risk factors associated with EAC. Race medical directors can identify race entrants that may be at risk of developing EAC, develop prevention strategies and better prepare medical care at these events.The Monte Carlo Command Line application (MCCL) is an open-source software package that provides Monte Carlo simulations of radiative transport through heterogeneous turbid media. MCCL is available on GitHub through our virtualphotonics.org website, is actively supported, and carries extensive documentation. Here, we describe the main technical capabilities, the overall software architecture, and the operational details of MCCL.
Zinc is a trace element, which is abundant in nature. It is also an essential and important micronutrient found in many foods. It has a role in multiple bodily processes including wound healing and boosting of the immune system. This review shows evidence of zinc deficiency in cancer patients of all types, a deficiency that correlates with disease severity and negatively correlates with survival rates. Lower zinc levels led to more severe and advanced disease symptoms and to lower survival rates. Zinc is a nanoparticle and acts as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy in various combinations with other substances. It also shows incredible cytotxicity and tumor suppressive ability in studies conducted both in vitro and in vivo as well as in studies conducted in humans. This result is shown in all types of cancer tested. Zinc shows incredible toxicity toward cancer cells without showing any side effects toward healthy cells. It is recommended that zinc be added to cancer treatment regimens to alleviate zinc deficiency in cancer patients and perhaps to treat cancer as a whole.
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