Notes

Genetic Loci Associated with Effectiveness against Zucchini Yellow-colored Variety Trojan within Lead capture pages.
Despite the significant role played by vaccines in global health, concerns over vaccine safety have increased tremendously over the years. There have been occasions where vaccines have caused rare, adverse reactions some of which have led to hospitalizations and even death. It is therefore important to establish the safety profile of routinely used vaccines in order to allay fears pertaining to their use.

This review was aimed at pooling together the safety data of selected vaccines used for routine immunization in Africa, a region of the world with paucity of vaccine safety data.

Adverse Events Following Immunization safety data was searched for rotavirus, yellow fever, measles, rubella, tuberculosis (Bacillus Calmette Guerin-BCG), pneumococcal, Haemophilus Influenza type b, polio, meningococcal and the influenza A (H1N1) vaccines in PUBMED, Google Scholar, Clinical trials.gov and Cochrane controlled register of trials databases.

A total of twenty-four serious AEFIs and twenty-three minor AEFIs were identified from the review. The strength of association between AEFIs and vaccine was high for tuberculosis vaccine and moderate for all other vaccines.

Even though AEFIs (including mild and severe) were identified in the review, all the vaccines studied were generally well tolerated.
Even though AEFIs (including mild and severe) were identified in the review, all the vaccines studied were generally well tolerated.
Parvovirus B19 (B19) has tropism for cells of the erythroid lineage, which may lead to transient inhibition of erythropoiesis. Several studies and case reports suggested that B19 infection may contribute significantly to severe chronic anemia in HIV infected persons.

To detect parvovirus B19 DNA in treatment-naïve HIV patients.

This was a case control retrospective study. One hundred nineteen anemic and 81 non-anemic treatment-naïve HIV infected patients participated in the study at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect B19 DNA.

Out of 200 patients analysed, 13(6.5%) had parvovirus B19 DNA. Eight HIV patients with anemia had B19 DNA while five non-anemic HIV patients had B19 DNA. This suggests that the presence of B19 DNA in the blood of HIV positive individuals may contribute to anemia because the majority (61.5%) who were positive for B19 DNA had anemia as compared to the non-anemic control group (38.5%).

This study shows that the presence of B19 DNA in anemic HIV infected patients is not associated with chronic anaemia in HIV infection because no significant association exist.
This study shows that the presence of B19 DNA in anemic HIV infected patients is not associated with chronic anaemia in HIV infection because no significant association exist.
Fascioliasis has never been considered a public health concern in Pakistan, although the increasing numbers of human cases reported in south Asia need a re-consideration in the country. The current study aimed to find the seroprevalence of human fascioliasis, associated risk factors and its relationship with liver enzymes as biomarkers of pathogenicity.

The cross-sectional study was conducted in different districts of Punjab region from May 2014 to August 2016. A total of 546 respondents were screened by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum biochemical tests.

Higher seroprevalence was recorded in Muzaffargarh (6.2%) and Bhara kahu (5.9%), while low infection rate in Gujranwala (1.1%) and Islamabad (1.5%). The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed rural inhabitants (OR=7.9, 95%CI 2.5-24.8), females (OR=3.5, 95%CI 1.7-7.1), family size 3-7 (OR=1.7, 95%CI 1.0-2.9) and socioeconomic condition (OR=3.9, 95%CI 1.5-10.4) were the significantly (p<0.005) associated risk factors with disease. The results of liver enzymes i.e. aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and cholesterol levels were significantly (p=0.001) elevated and associated with fascioliasis pathogenicity.

The higher prevalence recorded may explain with
IgG antibodies for both active and past infections and cross reactivity of the assay with other helminthes.
The higher prevalence recorded may explain with Fasciola IgG antibodies for both active and past infections and cross reactivity of the assay with other helminthes.
The overlap of symptoms, geographic and seasonal co-occurrence of
and
infections makes malaria diagnosis difficult, increasing the chances of misdiagnosis. The paucity of data on the prevalence
and
infections contributes to an overly diagnosis of malaria. We aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of
and
infections in northern Tanzania.

A community based, cross sectional survey was conducted in two sites in Northern Tanzania. PCR was used to detect
and
infections.

The prevalence of
and
were 31/128 (24.2%) and 3/128 (2.3%), respectively. No Rickettsia infection was detected in any of the two sites. Acetylcholine Chloride Taking study sites separately,
infection was detected in 31/63(49.2%) of participants in Bondo while
infection was detected in 3/65(4.6%) of participants in Magugu.
was not detected in Magugu while no
infections were detected in Bondo. link2 Fever was significantly associated with
infection (χ2= 12.44, p<0.001) and age (χ2=17.44, p=0.000).

Results from this study indicate
infection as the main cause of fever in the studied sites. While
and
contribute to fevers,
infection is an insignificant cause of fever in Northern Tanzania.
Results from this study indicate Plasmodium infection as the main cause of fever in the studied sites. link3 While Plasmodium and Leptospira contribute to fevers, Rickettsia infection is an insignificant cause of fever in Northern Tanzania.
The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) uropathogens has become a public health threat and current knowledge of the genotypic basis of bacterial resistance is essential for selecting appropriate treatment options.

To determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among MDR uropathogens and to elucidate the molecular bases of plasmid-mediated resistance.

Bacterial isolates were recovered from urine specimens of 150 out-patients with signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections (UTIs) at El-Demerdash Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. Standard methods were used for identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to CLSI guidelines.

Among the recovered isolates, 22.7% and 77.3% were Gram-positive, and negative, respectively. Of which; 43.3% were MDR with 60% harboring plasmids. Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes
CTX-M,
SHV, and
TEM were detected on plasmids of 89.7%, 41%, and 84.6% of the tested isolates, respectively. The aminoglycoside resistance gene
was found on plasmids of 92.3% of the tested isolates followed by
(92.3%),
(46.2%), and
(7.7%). The most prevalent quinolone efflux pump gene was
(38.5%), followed by
(20.5%), then
(10.3%).

High levels of resistance to nitrofurans, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones were detected, and their use as empirical treatment for UTIs has become questionable.
High levels of resistance to nitrofurans, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones were detected, and their use as empirical treatment for UTIs has become questionable.
Burundi is currently not meeting targets for elimination of trachoma and trichiasis by 2020 (GET2020). The recommended SAFE strategy (Surgery, antibiotics, face washing and environmental improvement) is currently not fully implemented in many areas of Burundi. The existence of associations between face-washing, sanitation and trachoma prevalence remain undocumented.

A convenience sample of 468 individuals from 117 households was drawn from attendees at trachoma clinics set up in four villages. Trachoma status, sex and age were recorded for all household members. Adult household members were surveyed about access to clean water and toilets, and knowledge of trachoma risk factors. Associations between cases of active trachoma per household and environmental risk factors were evaluated using generalised estimating equations.

The overall prevalence of active trachoma was 7.1% (95% CI 5.0-9.6%), but 19.5% (95% CI13.7-26.4%) in children under nine years old. 0.9% (95% CI 0.3-2.0) of participants had trichiasis. Access to a sanitary toilet more than halved the odds of active trachoma (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.25-0.74%), however, participants did not appreciate this association.

Access to sanitation was associated with the occurrence of active trachoma. Future research should focus on whether improving knowledge of and access to sanitation might reduce trachoma prevalence.
Access to sanitation was associated with the occurrence of active trachoma. Future research should focus on whether improving knowledge of and access to sanitation might reduce trachoma prevalence.
species are multi-resistant bacteria with ability to cause opportunistic infections.

We isolated 45
species from soil, sewage and the clinic with the aim of investigating their susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents.

The identities of isolates were confirmed with 16S rRNA gene sequence and MALDI-TOF analysis. Anti-microbial resistance, biofilm production and clonal diversity were also evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration technique as described by Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI Guidelines (CLSI) was employed for the evaluation of isolate susceptibility to antibiotics.

Forty-five
species which include 36 environmental strains and 9 clinical strains of
were considered in this study. 32 (88.9 %) environmental strains were identified to be
, 2 (5.6 %) were
, and 2 (5.6 %) cluster as
spp.
isolates were resistant to at least six of the antibiotics tested, including
/
(
).

Environmental isolates from this study were resistant to SXT which is commonly used for the treatment of
infections. This informs the need for good public hygiene as the environment could be a reservoir of multi-resistant bacteria. It also buttresses the importance of surveillance study in the management of bacterial resistance.
Environmental isolates from this study were resistant to SXT which is commonly used for the treatment of S. maltophilia infections. This informs the need for good public hygiene as the environment could be a reservoir of multi-resistant bacteria. It also buttresses the importance of surveillance study in the management of bacterial resistance.
Central line-associated bloodstream infections continue to be one of the most important health problems in ICU.

To identify the central line-related bloodstream infections and their microbiological characteristics Specific objectives to the identify the incidence, predisposing factors of central line-related bloodstream Infections and study the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolated organisms.

Patients' demographic, clinical data, central venous catheter related data,and blood culture specimen collection data were collected utilizing a descriptive exploratory design from a purposive sample of 120 ICU patients underwent insertion central venous catheter.

out of 120 central line catheters sent for culture from patients immediately and seven days after insertion., 13(10.83%) were positive seven days after insertion. Of the 13 infection cases, 10 cases were
and the others were
In addition, most infected patients were overweight and obese, diabetic, had sub-clavian route, and their length of hospital stayed more than7 days.
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