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Bone fragments Rejuvination in a Extreme Tooth Scientific Condition.
Synovial cysts are currently classified as degenerative lesions affecting the joint capsule or adjacent structures. In our study we describe the results obtained in an immunohistochemical study comprising 18 patients with synovial cysts, performed to evaluate the pathophysiological role of some inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Results showed an over-expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL which appears to be involved in the onset and progression of the disease. At the present time it is not possible to affirm that these molecules play a direct role also due to the absence of further and more specific investigations. The authors therefore hypothesize that inhibition of inflammation may have a significant role in the pathogenesis and regression of synovial cysts. Hence, these inflammatory cytokines may be considered potential therapeutic targets. The development of synthetic inhibitors of these inflammatory factors could lead to a reduction in the intensity of inflammation, thus inhibiting the onset and development of the disease.BACKGROUND Tendocalcaneus is a strong tendon that is vital for bipedalism in humans. Despite its tremendous strength, the tendocalcaneus is prone to damage and degeneration causing mobility problems and pain. Morphometric dimension of the tendocalcaneus is of benefit to the surgical repair and reconstruction of the damaged tendon. Cadaveric approach provides a realistic method for determining tendocalcaneus morphometry and as at present only two cadaveric studies on Indian population is available. Thus this study presents data on tendocalcaneus morphometry in South Africans of European ancestry using a cadaveric approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 66 lower limbs (32 left and 34 right legs) sourced from 49 male and female cadavers were used. After careful dissection of the posterior aspect of leg, the medial and lateral length, distal width, distal circumference and proximal width of the tendocalcaneus were measured. RESULTS The data showed a high degree of reproducibility indicating that the measurements obtained using cadaveric approach were precise and accurate. There was no difference in measurements between the sides. Measurements in the males were generally higher than in the females. Strong associations were observed between the paired measurements of the medial and lateral tendon length and between the distal width and distal circumference. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained will be useful in predicting tendocalcaneus size during the surgical reconstruction of the tendocalcaneus.BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the innervation of the dorsal articular capsule of the wrist using modified Sihler's staining. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty dorsal wrist capsules were collected from 15 donors (both sides) within 12 hours of death. All the capsules were collected in the same manner - using the dorsal incision. The specimens were stained according to the protocol of the modified Sihler's staining technique. The preserved capsules were analyzed under 8-16× magnification of an optical microscope for the presence of major nerve trunks, their major and minor branches, and nerve connections. RESULTS The range of innervation visualized was that the posterior interosseous nerve innervated approximately 60% of the central part; the remaining area was innervated by the dorsal sensory branch of the radial nerve and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve. The constant findings were the branches departing from the ulnar side of the posterior interosseous nerve and from the radial side, with an exception seen in two cases. A communicans branch between the posterior interosseous nerve and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve was seen in all the specimens. The posterior interosseous nerve innervation extended beyond the level of the carpometacarpal joints II-V. CONCLUSIONS The modified Sihler's staining technique allows for transparent visibility of the nerves that innervate the dorsal wrist capsule. However, it does not allow as accurate assessment as does histological examination, especially regarding the evaluation of nerve endings. Nevertheless, this method provides a significantly larger area of nerve observation than is provided by histological examination.The anatomical localization of the odor glands, which increase activity during the reproduction period and help goat species to find each other, varies. In our study, the anatomical and histological structures of the glands around the horn were examined in the Georgian and Abaza goats, which are native breeds. In this study a total of 12 Abaza and Georgian goat heads were used. The area between the two horns and area at the back of the horns were shaved to remove all hair. The distance between the horns of both goat breeds was measured using an electronic caliper. The mean distance between the horns of the Abaza goats was determined as 36.80±8.62 mm while this distance was 39.63±4.10 mm for the Georgian goats. Gland tissue that could not be seen anatomically under the skin was examined histologically. For the histological examination, skin samples were taken from the anterior, middle, right posterior and left posterior of the area between the two horns of both breeds. selleck chemicals llc Crossman triple staining and Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining were applied to the samples. Glandula intercornualis was found to be slightly caudal between the horns in both breeds and normal sebaceous glands were almost absent in the areas where these glands were found. Lobes and branched alveolar glands were located around the hair follicles.BACKGROUND The atlantic segment of vertebral artery (V3) located at the centre of the cranio-vertebral junction is known for its variability and asymmetry, and is either the target or on the way of numerous procedures in this region. The aim of the study was to visualise variability of V3 segment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The V3 segment was studied in 49 specimens of the suboccipital region injected with coloured gelatine. Direct measurements were performed and probabilistic maps were created using digital photography. RESULTS The V3 segment has wavy course with possible lateral and significant postero-inferior expansions. In relation to the foramen transversarium the V3 reached up to 5 mm laterally, 23 mm posteriorly, 27 mm medially and up to 11 mm downward. Looking from the medial aspect the course of the V3 is less predictable compared to the lateral approach. Linear measurements and probabilistic maps revealed significant variability and large range of variation. There were 11 cases of V3 tortuosity found in studied material.
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