Notes

Opioid toxic body cases aged 50+ within the 2015-2020 Country wide Harming Data Method: thought suicides as opposed to unintentional accumulation along with other purposive misuse/abuse.
INTRODUCTION In Mauritania, as in other West African countries, a series of actions has been taken to combat neonatal mortality. Considering the mixed success of these programs, we wondered how health workers are investing in neonatal care. METHOD An anthropological study was carried out in a locality in the Senegal River Valley. The surveys consisted of an ethnography of a health center, which resulted in detailed observations of care and interviews with health workers. RESULTS Our observations reveal that in the crucial minutes and hours following a normal birth, the attention of caregivers tends to turn away from the newborn. Recommended care such as keeping warm, examining and monitoring the newborn is not provided, while early breast-feeding occurs in a fluctuating manner. The newborn is quickly handed over to the family. Newborn care is thus "forgotten", both in the sequence of actions around childbirth and in the collective distribution of professional responsibilities. DISCUSSION Newborn care at birth remains poorly medicalized. We analyze the least involvement of health workers with newborns in two aspects the perception of the uncertainty of neonatal survival, and the predominance of local childbearing. We are making proposals to put the spotlight back on the newborn in order to promote a better quality of neonatal care.The newborn was forgotten by public health programs aiming at reducing Under 5 Mortality in Western and Central Africa until the launch of the "Every Newborn Action Plan" in 2014. If neonatal mortality has significantly decreased in the region since 1990 (-35%), the actual number of newborn deaths has increased due to the slow reduction rate combined with high fertility rates. Stillbirths display the same patterns with rates and numbers as high, doubling the number of viable pregnancies ending with the loss of the fetus and/or newborns. The main causes of neonatal mortality are avoidable at very low cost with little qualified health professionals. Although women utilize largely maternal health services, studies show that there is no protective effect against maternal, neonatal death and stillbirth with ANC utilization and institutional delivery, a sign of the extremely poor quality of care in facilities. Public Health program specialists must understand why such cost effective interventions such as immediate breastfeeding, skin to skin care, care for birth asphyxia, hand washing are not systematically practiced by health professionals in health facilities. Many premature babies could also be saved with basic kangaroo mother care.In-depth anthropological studies are required to inform public health program managers and to help them make sound decisions based on a better understanding of behaviors and practices among both health professionals and communities.INTRODUCTION To supply high-quality neonatal care, it is essential to provide adequate infrastructures and material. Exceeding the visible simplicity of this condition, we suggest analyzing finely the relationship between the arrangement of the care spaces in maternity, their uses, and the quality of the care delivered to the newborns. METHOD An ethnographic investigation in ten hospitals of Cameroon, among which one by region chosen from the various levels of the sanitary pyramid, allowed us to examine how the arrangement of the sanitary spaces and the arrangement of the material could contribute to the vulnerability of the newborn in maternity wards. Two hundred observations of the care given at birth were transcribed, then used as support for interviews with healthcare professionals in the aims of explaining their actions. RESULTS The sanitary spaces, with habits and modes of organization, do not optimize the quality of the care to the newborns. The fragmentation of places used in the coverage of the newborn children engenders delays in care in case of complication at the birth. The ways in which the space and material are used in the wards reveal a lack of anticipation and coordination of care. The appropriations of places and arrangement of equipment are not favorable to recommended neonatal care practices, in particular concerning the fight against the hypothermia and the promotion of early breast-feeding. Indeed, the spatial organization in maternity wards appears to be more centered on the obstetrical care. DISCUSSION Reflecting on care spaces can provide a basis for local collective processes of improvement of newborn care practices. It allows to re-question the biomedical professional culture, the segmentation of the tasks and the techniques, and to durably anchor evolutions favorable to neonatal survival.OBJECTIVE This ethnographic work seeks to understand the construction of gender and generational social relationships around the health of the newborn in both the care setting and in the family setting. METHOD An immersion of several weeks made it possible to collect data on the most common perceptions and practices that shape the daily lives of the various actors involved in the health of the newborn. The data was collected using participant observation, semi-structured interviews. Much additional data was collected through informal interviews. CHIR-124 clinical trial RESULTS In health institutions, people who play the role of caregiver are usually women. They come most often from the husband's family and are engaged in a role that can be assimilated to "care". In most cases, the involvement of husbands concerns the transport of the woman to the health center, the transport of food, the administrative procedures, the payment of prescriptions. In a family environment, caring for the newborn also follows sexual logic as well as generational logic that shows a better integration of biomedicine guidelines by young women. However, the data from the survey showed that men's involvement and women's involvement can not be defined according to a dual separation between masculine and feminine roles because social relations are constructed according to many other variables. CONCLUSION The health of the newborn is at the center of several normative registers that try to influence it in their own way. This necessarily plural reality often escapes public health programs.
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