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This study aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding diabetes mellitus (DM) among university students.

This cross-sectional study was carried out at the Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University (KAU) Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), in 2018. All participants were the registered students at the foundation year in the branch of KAU, Rabigh. A questionnaire was developed that had questions related to knowledge, attitudes, and practices.

A total of 1428 participants (770 [53.9%] females and 658 [46.1%] males) were included in the study. Surprisingly, there were 315 (22.1%) students who had been diagnosed with hypertension or told by the healthcare professional that he/she has increased blood pressure, and 223 (15.6%) had high blood sugar. There were 785 (55%) participants who had one or more DM relative. Among our students, only 186 (13%) had good knowledge scores, while 569 (39.8%) and 673 (47.1%) had moderate and poor knowledge scores, respectively. Interestingattitudes and practicing adequately for preventing DM. The female gender was associated with good knowledge scores and positive attitudes.
Drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are a global public health threat, especially in intensive care units (ICU). This study explored the prevalence of drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections in an ICU in Saudi Arabia. The appropriateness of the antibiotic therapies used and their ability to improve the clinical outcomes were also assessed.

A retrospective study was conducted from 2015 to 2018 in the different ICUs of a tertiary-care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Positive cultures for multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR) Enterobacteriaceae, including
, and
sp., were included. The primary outcomes involved microbiological cure and 30 days in-hospital mortality rate, while the secondary outcome included the length of hospital stay (LOS). Regression models were used to assess the relationship between appropriateness of the antibiotic therapy and clinical outcomes.

Of the 227 Enterobacteriaceae cultures included in this study, 60% were either a high prevalence of drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections, which were associated with a high mortality rate. Therefore, it is essential to assess the effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship program and infection prevention and control practices, particularly in critically ill patients.
To assess the prevalence and risk factors for
and methicillin-resistant
(MRSA) nasal colonization in Spanish children.

Cross-sectional study of patients <14 years from primary care centers all over Spain. Clinical data and nasal aspirates were collected from March to July 2018.

A total of 1876 patients were enrolled. Prevalence of
and MRSA colonization were 33% (95% CI 30.9-35.1) and 1.44% (95% CI 0.9-2), respectively. Thirty-three percent of the children (633/1876) presented chronic conditions, mainly atopic dermatitis, asthma and/or allergy (524/633). Factors associated with
colonization were age ≥5 years (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.07-1.12), male sex (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.17-1.76), urban setting (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.08-1.97) and the presence of asthma, atopic dermatitis or allergies (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.093-1.43). Rural residence was the only factor associated with MRSA colonization (OR 3.62, 95% CI 1.57-8.36). MRSA was more frequently resistant than methicillin-susceptible
to ciprofloxacin [41.2% vs 2.6%; p<0.0001], clindamycin [26% vs 16.9%; p=0.39], and mupirocin [14.3% vs 6.7%; p=0.18]. None of the MRSA strains was resistant to tetracycline, fosfomycin, vancomycin or daptomycin.

The main risk factors for
colonization in Spanish children are being above five years of age, male gender, atopic dermatitis, asthma or allergy, and residence in urban areas. MRSA colonization is low, but higher than in other European countries and is associated with rural settings.
The main risk factors for S. aureus colonization in Spanish children are being above five years of age, male gender, atopic dermatitis, asthma or allergy, and residence in urban areas. MRSA colonization is low, but higher than in other European countries and is associated with rural settings.
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the entire world to a standstill. The disease is rapidly transmitting in the community. Imposed lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic have effectively delayed the transmission in the community but the transmissibility in households needs to be explored. The aim of this study was to estimate the household transmission of COVID-19 and assess the factors affecting transmission.

A cross-sectional study where the data were collected from a single isolation center, was conducted. Patients were contacted by phone. Information regarding number of COVID-19-positive cases in the family, their demographic details, along with number of rooms in their household was collected.

A total of 369 families of COVID-19-positive patients were contacted. Nineteen families with a single member were excluded. Out of 350 families with a total 2126 members, 480 (22.5%) were COVID-19 positive. Mean age was 30.12 years (±14.39) and majority of them were males (68.9%). Majority of the cases (67.3%) factors may be responsible for household transmission than these factors.
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) reflects eosinophilic inflammation of the airways. However, the significance of longitudinal assessment of FENO, including its variability, in the clinical course of severe asthma remains unclear. The aim of this study is to examine the association between long-term changes in FENO and the development of exacerbations in severe asthma.

Among the severe asthma patients enrolled in the Hokkaido Severe Asthma Cohort Study, 100 patients with severe asthma who completed a 3-year follow-up in which FENO was measured annually were included. click here According to the FENO level at baseline, 1 year, and 2 years, the patients were classified into three groups the sustained high group (≥50 ppb at all three visits), the sustained low group (<25 ppb at all three visits), and the intermediate group (other). Subjects in the intermediate group were further classified into two groups based on the median value of the coefficient of variation (CV) of FENO during the 3 years (high CV and low CV intermediate groups).
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