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Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles along with their Applications within Collection Sunlight with regard to Solar power Winter Era.
The removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater is essential as they pose serious threats to human health and the environment. In this study, novel poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-alpha-zirconium phosphate (PVDF-α-ZrP) mixed matrix membranes (MMM) were prepared via the phase inversion method. Membranes with different α-ZrP nanoparticles (NPs) loadings (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, or 1.00 wt%) were fabricated. The impacts of α-ZrP NP loading on the membrane's morphology, functionality, surface charge, and hydrophilicity were evaluated. Fourier-transform infrared and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were performed to verify the presence of α-ZrP NPs in the fabricated membranes. The PVDF membranes became more hydrophilic after incorporating the α-ZrP NPs. The thermal and mechanical stability and porosity of the PVDF-α-ZrP MMM were higher than those of the pristine PVDF membrane. The increased hydrophilicity, pore size and porosity and reduced surface roughness of the PVDF-α-ZrP membrane led to significant flux increase and reduced fouling propensity. The PVDF-α-ZrP membrane containing 1.00 wt% α-ZrP was capable of removing 42.8% (Cd2+), 93.1% (Cu2+), 44.4% (Ni2+), 91.2% (Pb2+), and 44.2% (Zn2+) from an aqueous solution at neutral pH during filtration.Heterogeneous photocatalysis was used for the degradation and mineralization of erythromycin (ERY), with a consequent production of carboxylic acids. For that, a series of TiO2 and Ti1-xSnxO2 structured catalysts, namely M1 to M5, was prepared using the washcoating method, with the catalytic coatings being deposited onto stainless steel meshes. Besides, the catalytic activity of the prepared systems was compared to that of the commercial mesh (CM). The results showed that the prepared TiO2 structured catalyst (M1) presented better ERY oxidation than the CM one, what was associated to the higher catalyst load and to the anatase/rutile ratio. Considering the Sn-doped structured catalysts, for M2, M4 and M5 catalysts, lower ERY mineralization and high formation of carboxylic acids were found, when compared to the M3 catalyst. The improved M3 activity was attributed to the formation of a staggered gap (type II heterojunction), providing better charge separation. In this situation, a high generation of hydroxyl radicals is obtained, resulting on a higher ERY mineralization. By the obtained results it is possible to determine that the addition order and the type of Sn compound added in the washcoating process, affects the catalytic activity due to the formation of a solid solution and to the type of produced heterostructures. The M3 catalyst also showed high stability in long-term tests up to 44 h of reaction. The results provide insights into the development of an inexpensive structured catalyst production method and its influence in the stability of the photocatalyst, as well as in its applicability on water/wastewater treatment.In this research, a novel iron based bimetallic nanoparticles (Fe-Ni) supported on activated carbon (AC) were synthesized and employed as an activator of persulfate in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) polluted sites remediation. AC-supported Fe-Ni activator was prepared according to two-step reduction method the liquid phase reduction and H2- reduction under high temperature (600 °C), which was defined as Fe-Ni/AC. Characterizations using micropore physisorption analyzer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) showed that the synthetic material had large specific surface area, nano-size and carbon-encapsulated metal particles, moreover, the lattice fringes of metals were clearly defined. The PAH compound types and their concentrations were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with SIM mode, the method detection limit (MDL) was estimated to about 0.21 μg/kg for PAHs, and the average recovery of PAHs was 96.3%. Mechanisms of PAH oxidation degradation with the reaction system of Fe-Ni/AC activated persulfate were discussed, the results showed that short-life free radicals, such as SO4-·, OH·, and OOH· were generated simultaneously, which acted as strong oxidizing radicals, resulting in the oxidation and almost complete opening of the PAH rings.Several field-scale phytoextraction scenarios were created in a greenhouse study to investigate the feasibility of using Alyssum murale, to remediate three types of industrially Ni-contaminated soil (heavy clay, sand, organic muck) from Port Colborne, Ontario. The observed distribution of Ni mass between soil and aboveground vegetation was used in STELLA modeling software to predict timelines for the target soil Ni concentration, namely 1200 mg Ni/kg. Alyssum murale grown in sand would have a relatively constant pool of Ni available for plant uptake, which would not be the case for plants grown in organic muck and heavy clay. The maximum Ni extraction (%, plant Ni mass/soil Ni mass) was achieved in A. murale grown in unfertilized clay soil at the higher irrigation rate. Using these data, the STELLA model predicted that 246 years would be required to reduce soil Ni concentration in the most efficient combination of treatments to the remediation target. In addition, hypothetical A. murale Ni extraction in plant-soil systems optimized by manipulating soil chemistry and physical attributes, were modeled. The most optimized A. murale plant-soil systems for Ni extraction would require 9 years to achieve the same reduction, and it is not clear that this optimization can be achieved in the field. #link# This study showed that phytoremediation using A. murale is not likely a time-sensitive approach for these soils.In this work, Ti/PbO2-Co-Sm electrode has been successfully prepared using electrodeposition and further applied for the electrocatalysis of atrazine (ATZ) herbicide wastewater. As expected, Ti/PbO2-Co-Sm electrode displays highest oxygen evolution potential, lowest charge transfer resistance, longest service lifetime and most effective electrocatalytic activity compared with Ti/PbO2, Ti/PbO2-Sm and Ti/PbO2-Co electrodes. link2 Orthogonal and single factor experiments are designed to optimize the condition of ATZ degradation. The maximum degradation efficiency of 92.6% and COD removal efficiency of 84.5% are achieved in electrolysis time 3 h under the optimum condition (current density 20 mA cm-2, Na2SO4 concentration 8.0 g L-1, pH 5 and temperature 35 °C). In addition, Ti/PbO2-Co-Sm electrode exhibits admirable recyclability in degradation progress. The degradation of ATZ is accomplished by indirect electrochemical oxidation and ∙OH is tested as the main active substance in ATZ oxidation. The possible degradation mechanism of ATZ has been proposed according to the degradation intermediates detected by LC-MS. This research suggests that Ti/PbO2-Co-Sm is a promising electrode for ATZ degradation.Valorization of waste phytomass into valuable components provide new functionality to these biowastes and annul problems associated with their safe disposal. In this study, date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) coir (DPC) waste was tested for its toxic hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) ions biosorption. The DPC biosorbent was subjected to SEM, EDX, FTIR, TGA and N2 adsorption/desorption characterization studies. Results showed that the cellulose-rich DPC surface contained mesopores with a wide number of functional groups and possessed suitable surface attributes for Cr(VI) ions sequestration. Batch biosorption tests established the Cr(VI) ions sequestration potential of the DPC biosorbent with a maximum chromium removal efficiency of 87.2% for a 100 ppm initial feed concentration at pH 2, dosage 0.3 g, temperature 30 °C, contact time 60 min and agitation speed 100 rpm. Langmuir isotherm fitted well (R2 = 0.9955) with the experimental data while the kinetic analysis showed that Cr(VI) ions sequestration by DPC followed the pseudo-second order model. Biosorption thermodynamics revealed the exothermic nature and low-temperature preference for the effective binding of chromium ions on DPC. Regeneration of the biosorbent using NaOH wash showed a nearly steady Cr(VI) ions removal efficiency (with a loss less then 10%) by the DPC till four recycle runs. Economic analysis showed a very low production cost of $1.09/kg for the DPC biosorbent with a total cost of $4.36/m3 for a scale-up batch process wastewater treatment plant. Thus, a low-cost, effectual and sustainable biosorbent for effective treatment of Cr(VI) ions polluted water streams has been reported.Heavy metals contamination of water is one of the environmental issue globally. Thus prepared fly ash-based zeolite (FZA)-supported nano zerovalent iron and nickel (nZVI/Ni@FZA) bimetallic composite from low-cost fly ash waste for the potential treatment of anion (Cr(VI) and cation Cu(II)) heavy metals from industrial effluents at pH 3 and 5, respectively in this study. The systematic interaction between FZA and nZVI/Ni and the adsorptive removal mechanism was studied. The mean surface area of the nZVI/Ni@FZA (154.11 m2/g) was much greater than that of the FZA (46.6 m2/g) and nZVI (4.76 m2/g) independently, as determined by BET-N2 measurements. The effect of influence factors on the removal of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) by nZVI/Ni@FZA, such as pH effect, initial concentration effect, time effect, temperature effect, coexisting metals, and ionic strength, and cumulative loading ability, were discussed. The maximum adsorption capacity of nZVI/Ni@FZA was 48.31 mg/g and 147.06 mg/g towards Cr(VI) and Cu(II), respectively. These were higher than those of nZVI@FZA and FZA. It demonstrated that Ni could play an important role in enhancing the reduction ability of nZVI. link3 Furthermore, isothermal and kinetic results revealed that both heavy metal adsorption processes were rate limiting monolayer Langmuir adsorption on homogeneous surfaces. check details suggested that the adsorptive removal of metal ions was endothermic with spontaneity. The applicability of nZVI/Ni@FZA on real industrial wastewater treatment results demonstrate that the concentration of heavy metals were removed under the acceptable standard levels. Further the adsorption capacity of nZVI/Ni@FZA was higher than the nZVI@FZA and FZA. The overall results demonstrated that nZVI/Ni@FZA was a promising, efficient, and economically feasible sorbent for potential wastewater treatment. Moreover this is first report on the preparation nZVI/Ni@FZA bimetallic composite.The low band gap energy and high surface area two-dimensional materials allow it to tune its basic properties using surface decoration. Here, La3+ are decorated on two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride using a simple and easily scalable chemisorption process with an adsorption capacity of 657.32 mg g-1. In the X-ray diffraction (XRD) study, the positive slope of the W-H plot elucidates the tensile strain generation (0.103) in La3+ ions decorated 2D-g-C3N4 (La3+-2D-g-C3N4). The high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) study and the higher ID/IG ratio (0.82) in the Raman spectroscopy study confirm the more defects intensification in La3+-2D-g-C3N4. The reduction in band gap energy for La3+-2D-g-C3N4 (from 2.83 eV to 2.21 eV) has shown a good correspondence with the band structures study as obtained from the DFT study. In the DFT study, the significant contributions of N atoms in charge transfer validate the N 1s findings from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study for La3+-2D-g-C3N4.
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