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Brain injury after strokes: pathophysiology, remedy, and diagnosis.
In order to improve the detection capability of the current low-light-level (LLL) imaging systems at room temperature, a new device, a magnetic mirror array image intensifier (MMAII), is proposed in this paper. A magnetic mirror array device (MMAD) is coupled into an image intensifier which sits between the photocathode and the microchannel plate (MCP). The trace photoelectrons, one after another, are first sufficiently accumulated by the MMAD over a long time at room temperature, and then they are released and enter the MCP for further gain. These two steps are used to improve the detection capability at the LLL imaging system at room temperature. After the two-dimensional magnetic field distribution of the magnetic mirror array (MMA) is calculated, the MMA is designed and optimized with a rubidium Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet. Three groups of ideal parameters for the Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet MMAD, with a magnetic mirror ratio of 1.69, for all of them have been obtained. According to the research results on the noise of the escape cone of the MMAII, the angle between the incident direction and the axis is greater than 57°, so the trace electrons must be constrained by the magnetic mirror. selleck chemicals llc We made 54 MMAs from Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets and packaged them in a container. Then the system was evacuated to 10  Pa at room temperature. It was found by experiment that the trace electrons could be actually constrained by the MMAD. The MMAII can be applied to images for static LLL objects.Using the Michelson technique we measured the refractive indices for the plane-parallel thin plates made of AgCl plate, manufactured by hot embossing, at 632.8 nm. We recorded their absorption spectra within the range of 0.19-41.67 μm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which demonstrated that the increase of substituent silver bromide or thallium monoiodide mole fraction in the corresponding solid solution causes the optical density to grow. As the result it moves the transmission edges toward longer wavelengths, while slightly reducing the transmission peak.This work describes a process for measuring thin film steps, using phase shifting interferometry (PSI). The phase shifts are applied only in the region where the thin film steps are located. The phase shift is achieved by displaying different gray levels on a spatial light modulator (SLM Holoeye LC2012) placed in one arm of a Twyman-Green (T-G) interferometer. Before measuring the thin film steps, it was necessary to quantify the phase shifts achieved with this SLM by measuring the fringe shifts in experimental interferograms. The phase shifts observed in the interference patterns were produced by displaying the different gray levels on the SLM one by one, from 0 to 255. The experimental interferograms and the thicknesses of the thin film steps were successfully quantified, proving that this method can be used to measure thin films by applying the PSI method only on the region occupied by them.Based on Fresnel diffraction from phase steps, we present an optical method for real-time monitoring and measurement of thickness during the wet etching of transparent materials. It is shown experimentally that during the etching process, the visibility of diffraction fringes varies periodically with time (thickness) and the rate the etching is measured. Using dilute etching solutions, we measured an average etching rate of 5.3  nm/s for glass.It is here discussed the design of ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) grating compressors that can be used to condition the spectral phase of ultrashort chirped pulses to compensate for the phase chirp and get closer to the Fourier limit. We discuss the two configurations that can be used to realize the compressor, the classical diffraction mount, and the off-plane one. The concept is applied to the realization of a XUV compressor with applications to free-electron lasers.This paper presents a temperature evaluation method by means of high-speed, visible light digital camera visualization and its application to the mineral wool production process. The proposed method adequately resolves the temperature-related requirements in mineral wool production and significantly improves the spatial and temporal resolution of measured temperature fields. Additionally, it is very cost effective in comparison with other non-contact temperature field measurement methods, such as infrared thermometry. Using the proposed method for temperatures between 800°C and 1500°C, the available temperature measurement range is approximately 300 K with a single temperature calibration point and without the need for camera setting adjustments. In the case of a stationary blackbody, the proposed method is able to produce deviations of less than 5 K from the reference (thermocouple-measured) temperature in a measurement range within 100 K from the calibration temperature. The method was also tested by visualization of rotating melt film in the rock wool production process. The resulting temperature fields are characterized by a very good temporal and spatial resolution (18,700 frames per second at 128  pixels×328  pixels and 8000 frames per second at 416  pixels×298  pixels).We propose and experimentally demonstrate a reliable chromatic dispersion measurement method for installed optical fibers. This technique is based on a modified Sagnac interferometer which is polarization-independent, hence no polarization controller device is needed to control the polarization state of the light entering into the interferometer during measurement. In our proposed system, the polarization mode dispersion (PMD) of the test fiber is compensated by employing a Faraday rotator mirror at one end of the fiber, so that the measured dispersion results will not be affected by any external perturbations on the test fiber. In addition, our method is single-ended, rapid ( less then 1  s), and accurate. Experimental results show the differences for dispersion and dispersion slope of only 0.17% and 1.24%, respectively, compared with that of a commercial instrument. All characteristics indicate that our approach is indeed suitable for in-field dispersion measurement of installed fibers.Realization of a compact, robust, highly stable, and efficient solid-state distributed feedback (DFB) dye laser based on pyrromethene 580-doped modified poly-(methyl methacrylate) embedded into nanoporous glass host is reported. A diode-pumped solid-state STA01SH-500 NdLSB microlaser (λ=532  nm; τ laser shots. More than an order of magnitude increase in the temperature stability of a lasing wavelength as compared with ethanol solutions of laser dyes is practically demonstrated.Efficiency enhancement of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells by means of the plasmonic effect is investigated by using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) optical simulations combined with analytical modeling of exciton dissociation and charge transport efficiencies. The proposed method provides an improved analysis of the cell performance compared to previous FDTD studies. The results of the simulations predict an 11.8% increase in the cell's short circuit current with the use of Ag nano-hexagons.In this paper, a 4×4 transfer matrix method has been used to investigate the optical and magneto-optical properties of 1D conjugated photonic crystal (CPC) heterojunctions containing plasma layers. A linearly polarized TM wave is obliquely incident onto stack. A large Faraday rotation as well as high transmission can be achieved simultaneously in our proposed structure. The influences of the external magnetic field, number of unit cells, incidence angle, and plasma frequency on the transmission and Faraday rotation angle have been analyzed. Results indicate that the proposed structure has strong enhancement of Faraday rotation angle with relatively high transmission. This prospective advantage of the structure is useful for tunable filters in the millimeter-wave region.A nonlinear plasmonic T-shaped switch based on a square-shaped ring resonator is simulated by the finite-difference time-domain numerical method. Three optical logic gates-a NOT, with one T-shaped switch, and AND and NOR gates, each with two cascaded T-shaped switches-are proposed. The nonlinear Kerr effect is utilized to show the performance of our proposed logic gates. The values of transmission at the ON and OFF states of NOT and NOR gates are 70% and less than 0.6% of the input lightwave, respectively, while these values for the AND gate are 90% and less than 30%, respectively.This work analyzes a method to determine the internal parameters of an optical system of a classical cemented doublet or a three-element tunable-focus lens (a tunable-focus doublet), which is an equivalent of the classical cemented doublet. The method is noninvasive, and the parameters are calculated without any damage or dismantling of the lens.Colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells have attracted tremendous attention because of their tunable absorption spectrum window and potentially low processing cost. Recently reported quantum junction solar cells represent a promising approach to building a rectifying photovoltaic device that employs CQD layers on each side of the p-n junction. However, the ultimate efficiency of CQD solar cells is still highly limited by their high trap state density in both p- and n-type CQDs. By modeling photonic structures to enhance the light absorption within the carrier transport length and by ensuring that the carrier generation and collection efficiencies were both augmented, our work shows that overall device current density could be improved. We utilized a two-dimensional numerical model to calculate the characteristics of patterned CQD solar cells based on a simple grating structure. Our calculation predicts a short circuit current density as high as 31  mA/cm, a value nearly 1.5 times larger than that of the conventional flat design, showing the great potential value of patterned quantum junction solar cells.The dioptric responses of human eyes to floating images at different depths reconstructed by an integral floating display are measured with an open-field autorefractor and analyzed according to observer recognition of the accommodation depth cue. Two targets are randomly presented approximately 1.75 D from the observers and have a separation of 0.15 D, corresponding to approximately 5 cm. Two subjects participate, and over 500 responses are measured during each experimental trial. The frequency distribution profiles of the responses to targets at different locations are obtained and analyzed. The results confirm that the subjects focused on the floating targets and not on the surface of the optical component. In this paper, an analysis of the separation between the peaks of the frequency distribution profiles is presented that confirms that the integral floating display could induce the accommodation response to provide the corresponding depth stimulus.The conventional Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) method used to solve the cost function of a phase diversity (PD) algorithm converges to a global optimum only when the cost function is convex. We present a modified BFGS method, which has fine global convergences for both convex and nonconvex functions, guarantees that the solutions will converge to the global minimum, corresponding to the actual wavefront coefficients, and apply it to minimize the PD cost function to co-phase the segmented active optics system and recover the unknown object under different noise levels. The noise amplification effect on the accuracy of the algorithm is removed by our proposed estimated strategy of the regularization parameter for the PD problem. The vast contrast results demonstrate that the modified method has a much higher accuracy than the conventional BFGS method for the nonconvex condition even under a considerably high noise level.
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