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Phylogenetic investigation involving Pallisentis nagpurensis (Acanthocephala: Quadrigyridae) infecting snakehead murrel Channa striata inside Himachal Pradesh, Indian.
The objective was to use ovulation synchronization with timed artificial insemination (TAI) to evaluate the effect of timing of artificial insemination (AI) with frozen sex-sorted sperm on fertility performance in pasture-based compact calving herds. Ejaculates from 3 Holstein-Friesian bulls were split and processed to provide frozen sex-sorted sperm (SS) at 4 × 106 sperm per straw, and frozen conventional sperm at 15 × 106 sperm per straw (CONV). A modified Progesterone-Ovsynch protocol was used for estrous synchronization, with TAI occurring 16 h after the second GnRH injection for cows assigned to CONV, and either 16 h (SS-16) or 22 h (SS-22) for cows assigned to SS. Pregnancy diagnosis was conducted by transrectal ultrasound scanning of the uterus 35 to 40 d after TAI (n = 2,175 records available for analysis). Generalized linear mixed models were used to examine the effects of treatment on pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI). Fixed effects included treatment (n = 3), bull (n = 3), treatment by berall P/AI compared with CONV sperm regardless of timing of AI. Marked variation existed between herds; however, one-third of herds achieved P/AI results equal to CONV. Identification of factors responsible for the large herd-to-herd variation in P/AI with SS, and development of strategies to reduce this variation, warrant further research.We evaluated the effects of altering the dietary ratio of palmitic (C160; PA) and oleic (cis-9 C181; OA) acids on production responses of cows with a wide range of milk production (32 to 65 kg/d) in a crossover design experiment with a preliminary period. Thirty-two multiparous Holstein cows (144 ± 54 d in milk) were assigned randomly to a treatment sequence. find more Treatments were diets supplemented with fatty acid (FA) blends (1.5% of diet dry matter) that provided 80% C160 + 10% cis-9 C181 (PA) and 60% C160 + 30% cis-9 C181 (PA+OA). The corn silage and alfalfa-based diets contained 20.0% forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 28.5% starch, and 17.1% crude protein. Treatment periods were 21 d with the final 5 d used for data and sample collection. Treatment did not affect dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, energy-corrected milk (ECM), body weight, or body weight change. The PA+OA diet increased total, 16-carbon, and 18-carbon FA digestibility compared with the PA diet. Compared with PA+OA, PA increased fat yield (1.97 vs. 1.91 kg/d) and protein yield (1.61 vs. 1.55 kg/d). The PA diet also increased the yield of de novo (448 vs. 428 g/d) and mixed (749 vs. 669 g/d) milk FA and decreased the yield of preformed FA (605 vs. 627 g/d) compared with PA+OA. Interactions were detected between treatment and preliminary milk yield for DMI, total FA intake, 16-carbon FA intake, ECM, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (linear interaction), and a tendency for milk yield (linear interaction); lower-producing cows (55 kg/d) had increased DMI and ECM on the PA+OA diet. A linear interaction was detected between treatment and preliminary milk yield for mixed milk FA yield (linear interaction) and a tendency for de novo milk FA yield (linear interaction). Our results demonstrate that feeding a fat supplement containing more cis-9 C181 replacing C160 increased production responses (DMI, milk yield, and ECM) in higher-producing cows, but decreased production responses in lower-producing cows.Considering the increase in evidence regarding the benefits of probiotics on human health, there is interest in developing solid products with proper functional characteristics, such as temperature and pH stability, that can be added to oral solid dosage forms or to dairy products to release microorganisms directly at their site of action. The aim of this work was to develop a product with an enteric coat containing probiotics that is stable at room temperature and resists low pH to ensure that the probiotics are passed through the stomach and reach the colon. We obtained 2 enteric-release products based on the incorporation of Bifidobacterium sp. using commercial microcrystalline cellulose (BIP-Av) and prebiotic inulin (BIP-In) as cores. Both products had an initial concentration of approximately 1 × 108 bifidobacteria per gram (cfu/g) and showed a suitable resistance to acid; complete release from the products at a pH of 7.5 was observed at 120 min for BIP-In and 180 min for BIP-Av. The viability of bacteria in both products decreased by approximately 3 orders of magnitude. The death rate constant corresponded to 0.1143 for BIP-Av and 0.1466 for BIP-In, which means that in these storage conditions, the viability decreased slightly. Both products protected bifidobacteria for more than 2 yr, delivering a concentration of more than 1 × 105 cfu/g. Due to these characteristics, the products could be incorporated into solid pharmaceutical forms for oral administration. These products could have significant advantages over existing products on the market and provide protection for bacteria, allowing their passage through the stomach to reach the colon, and the viability of bacteria was maintained after storage at room temperature for more than 1 yr.Camel milk has unique physical, nutritional, and technological properties when compared with other milks, especially bovine. Because proteins confer many of the properties of milk and its products, this study aimed to determine the proteins of camel milk, their correlations, and relative distribution. Raw milk samples were collected from 103 dromedary camels in the morning and evening. Capillary electrophoresis results showed wide variation in the concentrations (g/L) of proteins between samples as follows α-lactalbumin, 0.3 to 2.9; αS1-casein, 2.4 to 10.3; αS2-casein, 0.3 to 3.9; β-casein, 5.5 to 29.0; κ-casein, 0.1 to 2.4; unknown casein protein 1, 0.0 to 3.4; and unknown casein protein 2, 0.0 to 4.6. The range in percent composition of the 4 caseins were as follows αS1, 12.7 to 35.3; αS2, 1.8 to 20.8; β, 42.3 to 77.4; and κ, 0.6 to 17.4. The relative proportion of αS1-, αS2-, β-, and κ-caseins in camel milk (264673, wt/wt) differed from that of bovine milk (38103612, wt/wt). This difference might explain the dissimilarity between the 2 milks with respect to technical and nutritional properties.
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