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f active surveillance, it is necessary to develop unified algorithms for patient selection and management, and to prospectively conduct studies with long-term surveillance.
Active surveillance could be offered to patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer. However, they should be informed of the need for regular monitoring and the possibility of discontinuation as a result of a higher rate of progression. Available data indicate that 5-year survival rates between intermediate- and low-risk patients do not differ; 10-year survival rates are worse. To assess the long-term effectiveness and safety of active surveillance, it is necessary to develop unified algorithms for patient selection and management, and to prospectively conduct studies with long-term surveillance.
The brainstem auditory evoked potential with speech stimulus, BAEP-speech, has been applied to observe how speech sounds are manifested in the brainstem. This tool can be used in children to assess central auditory processing, allowing preventive and early interventions.

To assess the results found in the brainstem auditory evoked potential with speech stimulus in the pediatric population with and without oral language disorders, through a systematic literature review.

The search was carried out in the scientific databases Portal BVS, Pubmed, Lilacs, Medline, Scielo and Web of Science, OpenGrey.eu, DissOnline, OpenDoar, OAIster and The New York Academy of Medicine. A systematic literature review was performed using the descriptors auditory evoked potentials, children and their synonyms, combined by the Boolean operators AND and OR. The search filter "age child" was used. The studies were independently read by peers and, in case of disagreement regarding the inclusion of studies, a third researcher was consulted. Original case-control articles that performed BAEP-speech without competitive noise, carried out in the pediatric population without and with oral language disorders, were included.

14 articles published between 2008 and 2019 were included in this review. Methodological variability was observed in the exam, with the syllable / da / being the most frequently used as the stimulus. KU-0063794 mouse When performing the average of the groups, it was observed that the population with specific language disorders showed greater latency delays in the sustained portion, lower amplitude values and VA complex slope. The group with phonological disorders had higher values in the transient portion of the responses.

Children with language disorders of different etiologies have different patterns of BAEP-speech responses when compared to children with typical development.
Children with language disorders of different etiologies have different patterns of BAEP-speech responses when compared to children with typical development.
Trochlear dysplasia (TD) is a developmental condition and classified in to four types by Dejour. Patients with TD are more likely to have anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Increased ACL loading caused by TD may result in ACL-mucoid degeneration (MD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of ACL-MD in patients with TD and investigate whether there was a correlation between ACL-MD and TD grade and tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance.

Knee MR examinations of one hundred five patients with TD were included in this study. TD was graded according to Dejour (type A, B, C, and D), and Lippacher classification (low and high grade). TT-TG distance was also measured (15 mm considered as normal). Then ACL was assessed on MRI sequences for MD. Criteria for ACL-MD were thickened ACL with increased signal intensity on all MR sequences.

Among 105 patients with TD, 35 patients (33,3%) had ACL-MD. One-half of the ACL-MD was noted in knees with type A TD (50,0%). According to Lippacher classification, one half of the patients with low-grade dyspslasia had ACL-MD (50,0%). There was also a positive correlation between ACL-MD and TT-TG distance.

TD and patellar instability are significant risk factors for ACL-MD. Due to the high prevelance of ACL-MD with TD we advised the preoperative evaluation of ACL with knee MRI.
TD and patellar instability are significant risk factors for ACL-MD. Due to the high prevelance of ACL-MD with TD we advised the preoperative evaluation of ACL with knee MRI.
The aim of this study was to determine whether resident performance in head ultrasound on neonates improves following brain phantom simulation training.

Ten junior radiology residents with at least one year of radiology training were divided into two equal groups. Both groups received a detailed head ultrasound protocol sheet and observed a technologist perform a head ultrasound on a neonatal patient at the beginning of their first pediatric radiology rotation. Both groups of residents also received teaching with a brain phantom model. Group A residents independently performed one head ultrasound exam, subsequently received phantom simulation training, and then performed a post-training head ultrasound exam. Group B residents received phantom simulation training prior to their first head ultrasound exam. Three pediatric radiologists independently and blindly reviewed the ultrasound images of each head ultrasound exam for proficiency of image acquisition using a validated scoring system. Scores of Group A residents prior to phantom training were compared to their scores after phantom training as well as to scores of Group B residents using simple linear regression.

There was a statistically significant improvement in the performance of head ultrasound on neonates when comparing the same residents pre- and postphantom training (p = 0.003). Residents who initially trained with the phantom performed significantly better on their first head ultrasound examination on a neonate than those residents who did not (p = 0.005).

Our novel head ultrasound phantom training model significantly improves radiology resident performance of head ultrasound on neonates and may, therefore, be beneficial for residency education.
Our novel head ultrasound phantom training model significantly improves radiology resident performance of head ultrasound on neonates and may, therefore, be beneficial for residency education.
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