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Mega-pixel scanning transmission delicate X-ray microscopy imaging along with compression detecting X-ray fluorescence for fast study of big organic tissues.
In this review, we discuss the biological processes, functional importance and translocation mechanisms of cell surface GRP78 (csGRP78) in tumor cells. As a cancer biomarker, we also review the potential applications of csGRP78 targeted therapy and imaging and finally we suggest a brief roadmap ahead of csGRP78 targeting for targeted theranostic implications.Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the third leading cause worldwide blindness that causes permanent central vision impairment in older people. Over the past few years, there has been significant progress in the diagnosis and therapy of AMD. Currently available diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are clinically limited to manage AMD. The intravitreal (IVT) injection therapy has its shortcomings due to the ocular barriers and frequent administration of drugs into the vitreous humor of the eye. The safe and effective formulations will address the unmet medical needs of AMD. see more Various engineered nanoformulations, composed of polymers, lipids, proteins, inorganic materials, have been significantly investigated for the management of AMD over the past decade. The purpose of the review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art clinical diagnosis and treatment modalities for AMD. This review highlights the progress and future perspectives of nanodiagnostics and nanotherapeutics.The third-generation of EGFR-TKI osimertinib has been approved as a first-line therapy in NSCLC, representing the most successful advance in molecularly targeted therapy. However, the rapid development of osimertinib resistance renders the unsustainable treatment benefit. Plus, brain metastasis (BMs) is a major mortality cause for NSCLC; there is no drug specifically approved for the osimertinib-resistant BMs of NSCLC yet. To tackle these critical issues, a BBB-permeable biomimetic codelivery system was designed for specifically treating osimertinib-resistant BMs. The T12 peptide-modified albumin nanoparticles coloaded with regorafenib and disulfiram/copper ion chelate repolarized the tumor-promoting CD206hi TGF-β1+ MΦ via inhibition of FROUNT and thus remodeled tumor immune microenvironment. The treatment efficacy in both the subcutaneous H1975/AZDR model and the brain metastasized model demonstrated the effectiveness of the BBB-penetrating combination therapy and the macrophage-mediated innate immunity. This nanotherapeutic combination strategy provides a translational solution to the formidable challenges of overcoming TKI resistance and treating the TKI-resistant BMs.Oropharyngeal candidiasis is the most common opportunistic fungal infectious disease. Culture methods and microscopy are used to detect the presence of Candida species in clinical specimens. We have previously developed an immunochromatographic test (ICT) to enable the simple and rapid diagnosis of candidiasis. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the ICT for the detection of Candida species from pharyngeal swabs and compared the results with those of the culture method. The isolated Candida species were identified using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and viable cell counts were determined using selective chromogenic agar. The detection rate of C. albicans was 63.3% and 0% among ≤102 and ≥ 106 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL of viable Candida cells from pharyngeal swabs, respectively. The detection rate of nonC. albicans Candida species, especially C. glabrata, increased commensurately from 16.7% at ≤102 CFU/mL to 75.0% at ≥106 CFU/mL. Among the 300 pharyngeal swabs analyzed, 59 cultures detected Candida species at a count of >103 CFU/mL (53 were ICT-positive). Of the remaining 241 culture-negative specimens, 219 were ICT-negative. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the ICT were 89.8%, 90.9%, and 90.7%, respectively. Taken together, the ICT evaluated can be made readily available for clinical use in detecting Candida.Phthalates are known endocrine-disrupting chemicals that are found in many consumer products. Our laboratory previously developed a relevant phthalate mixture consisting of six phthalates and found that it disrupted female fertility in mice. However, it is unknown if prenatal exposure to phthalate mixtures can accelerate reproductive aging and if this occurs in multiple generations. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to a mixture of phthalates accelerates biomarkers of reproductive aging in multiple generations of female mice. Pregnant CD-1 mice were orally dosed with vehicle control or a phthalate mixture (20 μg/kg/day-500 mg/kg/day) daily from gestational day 10 to birth. Adult F1 females born to these dams were used to create the F2 and F3 generations by mating them with unexposed males. At 13 months, estrous cyclicity was monitored and ovaries and sera were collected for analysis. In the F1 generation, the mixture decreased testosterone and inhibin B levels, but increased follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels compared to control. In the F2 generation, the phthalate mixture decreased the percent of antral follicles and testosterone hormone levels compared to control. In the F3 generation, prenatal exposure to the phthalate mixture increased ovarian weight, increased the time in metestrus/diestrus, altered follicle numbers, and decreased the levels of luteinizing hormone compared to control. Collectively, these data suggest that prenatal exposure to a phthalate mixture may accelerate several biomarkers of reproductive aging in a multi- and transgenerational manner in female mice.Under European Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on the classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP), chemicals can be classified as carcinogenic if they are considered to induce tumours, increase tumour incidence and/or malignancy, or shorten the time to tumour occurrence. Cancer classifications are divided into different hazard categories Carc. 1A (known human carcinogen), Carc. 1B (presumed human carcinogen), Carc. 2 (suspected human carcinogen), and chemicals not classified for carcinogenicity. Selecting which classification is appropriate can be challenging, as judgements need to be made both on the existing hazard data and on its relevance to humans. One aspect to be considered in defining human relevance is a chemical's mode of action (MoA); the series of necessary key events that lead from an exposure to the adverse effect (in this case, tumours). This work aims to identify and discuss some of the features that have led ECHA's Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC) to decide upon harmonised cancer classifications for chemicals, and to prioritise future research on MoA and/or human relevance.
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