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ts can inform the potential utility of silica nanoparticles in biomedical applications such as controlled drug delivery where intravenous injection of the particles is intended.3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a mycotoxin widely used to produce a rat model of Huntington's disease. While there are numerous studies on the effect of this neurotoxin, still further investigation is required to understand the influence of this toxin on different regions of the brain. In the present study, there are two groups of rats of which one is treated with 3-NP. Behavioral, stereological and immunohistochemical analyses were conducted. The results show that locomotor activity is largely affected and anxiety is induced up to a certain level, but there is no gross manifestation of deficit in memory. Microscopic observations illustrate damages in the hippocampus and other parts of the brain. Astrogliosis and glial scars were another finding of this study. In conclusion, although 3-NP can be used as a model of Huntington's disease, it exerts a disseminated effect on different regions of the brain.Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties and are of interest in biotechnologies that will require cryopreservation. Recently, MSC-like cells were isolated from colostrum and milk. We used an interrupted slow freezing procedure to examine cryoinjury incurred during slow cooling and rapid cooling of MSC-like cells from swine colostrum. Cells were loaded with either dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) or glycerol, cooled to a nucleation temperature, ice-nucleated, and further cooled at 1 °C/min. At several temperatures along the cooling path, cells were either thawed directly, or plunged into liquid nitrogen for storage and later thawed. The pattern of direct-thaw and plunge-thaw responses was used to guide optimization of cryopreservation protocol parameters. We found that both 5% Me2SO (0.65 M, loaded for 15 min on ice) or 5% glycerol (0.55 M, loaded for 1 h at room temperature) yielded cells with high post-thaw membrane integrity when cells were cooled to at least -30 °C before being plunged into, and stored in, liquid nitrogen. Cells cultured post-thaw exhibited osteogenic differentiation similar to fresh unfrozen control. Fresh and cryopreserved MSC-like cells demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. Also, the antimicrobial activity of cell-conditioned media was higher when both fresh and cryopreserved MSC-like cells were pre-exposed to S. aureus. Thus, we were able to demonstrate cryopreservation of colostrum-derived MSC-like cells using Me2SO or glycerol, and show that both cryoprotectants yield highly viable cells with osteogenic potential, but that cells cryopreserved with glycerol retain higher antimicrobial activity post-thaw.Mitochondria play a key role in embryo development by providing energy. However, vitrification often causes mitochondrion damage of embryo, which further impairs embryo development. Therefore, the efficiency of embryo development after vitrification could be improved by protecting mitochondrial function from vitrification injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial damage after vitrification. The results showed that vitrification induced the abnormal mitochondrial distribution and damage mitochondrial function of mouse 2-cell embryos. However, co-culturing with resveratrol for 2 h could repair the abnormal mitochondrial distribution and mitochondrial dysfunction of embryos after vitrification. More than anything, the subsequent development ability of vitrified-thawed 2-cell embryos was significantly higher than that with no resveratrol treatment. In conclusion, resveratrol could protect the mitochondrial from injury caused by vitrification.Background and aims Cold-snare endoscopic mucosal resection (CS-EMR) has been adapted in a piecemeal fashion as a safe and effective procedure for colorectal polyps ≥10 mm. However, few data are available about en bloc CS-EMR for 10 to 14 mm adenomas. Thus, this study evaluated the efficacy and safety of CS-EMR for these colorectal adenomas. Methods In this single-arm, prospective, observational study, patients with at least one 10 to 14 mm slightly elevated and sessile colorectal adenoma were recruited to undergo CS-EMR. The primary outcome was histological complete resection rate by CS-EMR, which was defined as en bloc resection, pathologically negative vertical margin, and no neoplastic tissue obtained from 4 quadrants of the mucosal defect margin. Secondary outcomes were en bloc resection rate by CS-EMR, failure rate of CS-EMR, and the incidence of adverse events. Results A total of 80 polyps from 72 patients were enrolled. CS-EMR failed in 11 lesions (13.7%), all of which were resected using high-frequency electric current. The rates of en bloc resection and histological complete resection by CS-EMR were 82.5% (66/80) and 63.8% (51/80), respectively. No immediate bleeding occurred during the CS-EMR procedure, and there was no delayed bleeding or perforation from the site where CS-EMR was performed. Conclusions CS-EMR can be safely performed in an en bloc fashion for some 10 to 14 mm colorectal adenomas. However, there is room for improvement regarding the resectability and evaluation of the vertical margin of CS-EMR.Background and aims Endoscopic assessment of mucosal appearance by independent central reading has become the standard method to assess Crohn's disease (CD) activity in clinical trials. Performance characteristics of various endoscopy reading models have yet to be systematically evaluated. Methods This substudy included patients with CD in the exploratory induction cohort of BERGAMOT (NCT02394028) randomly assigned to etrolizumab or placebo. GSK1838705A ALK inhibitor Endoscopies conducted at baseline and week 14 were independently scored using the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's disease (SES-CD) by a local reader (LR) and 2 central readers (CRs). Five endoscopy reading models were compared single LR, single CR, average of 2 CRs, and 2 models incorporating the LR and 1 to 2 CRs depending upon alignment between LR and CR, defined according to a sliding scale applied to a range of scores. Results Five hundred thirty-five videos were scored. Models involving 2 readers demonstrated lower placebo rates (3.4%) than the single LR (11.9%) and the single CR (6.
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