Notes

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Sludge incineration technology is facing the problem of gaseous pollutant discharge. The control of NOx emissions is the key to reducing the impact of sludge combustion on environmental pollution. In this study, Fenton/CaO was used to condition municipal sludge, which was subsequently mixed with rice husk to fabricate briquette fuel for combustion experiments. The effects of the conditioner dosages, mass ratios of the rice hull to sludge, and the combustion temperatures on NOx emissions from briquette combustion were studied. The results showed that the NOx emissions decreased with increasing doses of conditioned sludge. In addition, with an increase in the rice husk ratio in the briquette, the NOx emissions decreased and the conversion rate increased. Additionally, with an increasing combustion temperature, the combustion of molded fuel became more complete. The NOx emission of conditioned sludge combustion was reduced by approximately 1.3 times compared with that of the sludge alone. selleck products Using the response surface methodology, the optimized conditions were obtained as follows the rice husk mixing ratio is 43.8%, the Fenton/CaO conditioner dosage is 220 mg/g, and the temperature is 829 °C. The minimum NOx emission concentration was predicted to be 0.845 mg/g. The NOx emission laws observed from the combustion of mixed fuel pellets are believed to provide basic data for a new sludge treatment method.Maternal exposure to air pollution has been associated with a higher birth defect (BD) risk. Previous studies suffer from inaccurate exposure assessment methods, confounding individual-level variations, and classical analytical modelling. This study aimed to examine the association between maternal exposure to criteria air pollutants and BD risk. A total of 553 cases and 10,214 controls were identified from private and public databases. Two subgroups were then formed one for a matched case-control design, and another for Feature Selection (FS) analysis. Exposure assessment was based on the mean air pollutant-specific levels in the mother's residential area during the specific BD gestational time window of risk (GTWR) and other time intervals. Multivariate regression models outcomes consistently showed a significant protective effect for folic acid intake and highlighted parental consanguinity as a strong BD risk factor. After adjusting for these putative risk factors and other covariates, results show that ma risk prediction model.Biochar may variably impact nitrogen (N) transformation and N-cycle-related microbial activities. Yet the mechanism of biochar amendment on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural ecosystems remains unclear. Based on a 6-year long-term biochar amendment experiment, we applied a dual isotope (15N-18O) labeling technique with tracing transcriptional genes to differentiate the contribution of nitrifier nitrification (NN), nitrifier denitrification (ND), nitrification-coupled denitrification (NCD) and heterotrophic denitrification (HD) pathway to N2O production. Then the field experiment provided quantitative data on dynamic N2O emissions, soil mineral N and key functional marker gene abundances during the wheat growing season. By using 15N-18O isotope, biochar decreased N2O emission derived from ND (by 45-94%), HD (by 35-46%) and NCD (by 30-64%) compared to the values under N application. Biochar increased the relative contribution of NN to total N2O production as evidenced by the increase in ammonia-oxiation during N2O emission peaks and extrapolated to all agroecosystems.Hg accumulation in marine organisms depends strongly on in situ water or sediment biogeochemistry and levels of Hg pollution. To predict the rates of Hg exposure in human communities, it is important to understand Hg assimilation and processing within commercially harvested marine fish, like the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax. Previously, values of Δ199Hg and δ202Hg in muscle tissue successfully discriminated between seven populations of European seabass. In the present study, a multi-tissue approach was developed to assess the underlying processes behind such discrimination. We determined total Hg content (THg), the proportion of monomethyl-Hg (%MeHg), and Hg isotopic composition (e.g. Δ199Hg and δ202Hg) in seabass liver. We compared this to the previously published data on muscle tissue and local anthropogenic Hg inputs. The first important finding of this study showed an increase of both %MeHg and δ202Hg values in muscle compared to liver in all populations, suggesting the occurrence of internal MeHg demethylation in seabass. This is the first evidence of such a process occurring in this species. Values for mass-dependent (MDF, δ202Hg) and mass-independent (MIF, Δ199Hg) isotopic fractionation in liver and muscle accorded with data observed in estuarine fish (MDF, 0-1‰ and MIF, 0-0.7‰). Black Sea seabass stood out from other regions, presenting higher MIF values (≈1.5‰) in muscle and very low MDF (≈-1‰) in liver. This second finding suggests that under low Hg bioaccumulation, Hg isotopic composition may allow the detection of a shift in the habitat use of juvenile fish, such as for first-year Black Sea seabass. Our study supports the multi-tissue approach as a valid tool for refining the analysis of Hg sourcing and metabolism in a marine fish. The study's major outcome indicates that Hg levels of pollution and fish foraging location are the main factors influencing Hg species accumulation and isotopic fractionation in the organisms.Air pollution caused by PM2.5 particles is a critical issue for public health that adversely affects people living in urban cities. Short-term Mega-events such as international meetings, sports tournaments, and traditional festivals can profoundly influence the local air quality. However, the extent of these influences and their role in improving or deteriorating the local air quality is still unclear. By collecting relative research from 75 publications based on more than 37 cities worldwide, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We calculated the log response ratio (RR) of the treatment (during) and control periods (before and after) of the Mega-events. The short-term policy control measures enacted during the Mega-Events consisting of meetings caused a significant decline (by -44.06%) in the ambient PM2.5 concentration. The mean daily PM2.5 concentration reduced from more than 100.00 μg/m3 before the events to 60.39 μg/m3, which is below the WHO (World Health Organization) interim target - 1 (75 μg/m3). On the contrary, setting off fireworks during the festival increased the ambient PM2.5 concentrations by 89.57% on average, with a mean daily value of 254.22 μg/m3. The variations in the effects of all event types on the air quality were primarily influenced by the background PM2.5 concentrations, with a negative correlation throughout. Moreover, the impact of events with policy control measures was also influenced by the year of the event, level of control, and location (suburban/urban) of the monitoring sites. Our findings provide evidence of the potential of human intervention on PM2.5 pollution reduction. We further highlight the crucial role of background pollution level in implementing policies during the Mega-events, which can benefit the environmental governance of developing countries.Although the occurrence and distribution of various chemicals on microplastics (MPs) has been widely studied, little was known about the concentrations of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) on MPs. In this study, MPs from eight rivers draining into Pearl River Estuary (PRE) region were collected and analyzed. Higher concentrations of PFASs on MPs (105-9.07 × 103 ng g-1) were found in the drain outlets receiving wastewater from most urbanized cities with large population densities. On the other hand, lower concentrations of PFASs on MPs (10.3-227.8 ng g-1) were found in the drain outlets receiving wastewater mostly from agricultural and forested areas. Specially, 82 disubstituted polyfluoroalkyl phosphates (82 diPAP) was detected with the highest frequency, in 92.5% of the samples. Furthermore, a positive Spearman correlation was found between 62 disubstituted polyfluoroalkyl phosphates (62 diPAP) and perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTeDA) (rs = 0.621, p = 0.012), indicating they might share similar sources. PFASs on MPs were found to vary significantly with different seasons. Higher concentrations of PFASs on MPs were found in dry seasons, while lower concentrations were observed in wet seasons. The results of this study should be important for the understanding of PFAS occurrence and distribution on MPs and the partitioning mechanism of PFASs on MPs in estuary systems.Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a major driver of firefly population declines, but its physiological effects are not well understood. To investigate the impact of ALAN on firefly development, we exposed larval Aquatica ficta fireflies to ALAN for two weeks. High larval mortality was observed in the periods of 1-68 days and 106-134 days post-treatment, which may represent the short- and long-term impacts of ALAN. We then profiled the transcriptome of larval Aquatica ficta fireflies following two weeks of ALAN exposure. A total of 1262 (1.67% out of 75777 unigenes) were differentially expressed in the treatment group 1157 were down-regulated, and 105 were up-regulated. Up-regulated unigenes were related to regulation of hormone levels, ecdysteroid metabolic process, and response to stimulus; down-regulated unigenes were related to negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling, germ cell development, oogenesis, spermatid development, and regulation of neuron differentiation. Transcriptome results suggest that the endocrine, reproductive, and neural development of firefly larvae could be impaired by even relatively brief period of ALAN exposure. This report contributes a much-needed molecular perspective to the growing body of research documenting the fitness impacts of ALAN on bioluminescent fireflies.Intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) emitted from vehicles are generally in the gas phase but may partly partition into particle phase when measured under ambient temperature. To have a complete and accurate picture of IVOC emissions from vehicles, gas- and particle-phase IVOCs from a fleet of gasoline and diesel vehicles were simultaneously characterized by dynamometer testing in Guangzhou, China. The total IVOC emission factors of the diesel vehicles were approximately 16 times those of the gasoline vehicles, and IVOCs were mainly concentrated in the particle phase in the form of the unresolved complex mixture (UCM). The chemical compositions and volatility distributions of the gas-phase IVOCs differed much between gasoline and diesel vehicles, but were similar to those of their respective fuel content. This indicated that vehicle fuel is the main origin for the gas-phase IVOC emissions from vehicles. In comparison, the chemical compositions of the particle-phase IVOCs from gasoline and diesel vehicles were similar and close to lubricating oil content, implying that lubricating oil plays an important role in contributing to particle-phase IVOCs. The highest IVOC fraction in the particle phase occurred from B16-B18 volatility bins, overall accounting for more than half of the particle-phase IVOCs for both the gasoline and diesel vehicles. A conceptual model was developed to articulate the distributions of lubricating oil contents and their evaporation and nucleation/adsorption capabilities in the different volatility bins. The IVOCs-produced secondary organic aerosol (SOA) were 1.4-2.6 and 3.9-11.7 times POAs emitted from the gasoline and diesel vehicles, respectively. The tightening of emission standards had not effectively reduced IVOC emissions and the SOA production until the implementation of China VI emission standard. This underscores the importance of accelerating the promotion of the latest emission standard to alleviate pollution from vehicles in China.
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