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We performed x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements on heterostructures comprising topological insulators (TIs) of the (Bi,Sb)_2(Se,Te)_3 family and the magnetic insulator EuS. XMCD measurements allow us to investigate element-selective magnetic proximity effects at the very TI/EuS interface. A systematic analysis reveals that there is neither significant induced magnetism within the TI nor an enhancement of the Eu magnetic moment at such interface. VX-770 price The induced magnetic moments in Bi, Sb, Te, and Se sites are lower than the estimated detection limit of the XMCD measurements of ∼10^-3  μ_B/at.Erosion of material by energetic ions, i.e., sputtering, is widely used in industry and research. Using experiments and simulations that, independently of each other, obtain the sputter yield of thousands of individual grains, we demonstrate here that the sputter yield for heavy keV ions on metals changes as a continuous function of the crystal direction. Moreover, we show that polycrystalline metals with randomly oriented grains do not sputter with the same yield as the amorphous material. The key reason for this is attributed to linear collision sequences rather than channeling.Muscles are biological actuators extensively studied in the frame of Hill's classic empirical model as isolated biomechanical entities, which hardly applies to a living organism subjected to physiological and environmental constraints. Here we elucidate the overarching principle of a living muscle action for locomotion, considering it from the thermodynamic viewpoint as an assembly of actuators (muscle units) connected in parallel, operating via chemical-to-mechanical energy conversion under mixed (potential and flux) boundary conditions. Introducing the energy cost of effort as the generalization of the well-known oxygen cost of transport in the frame of our compact locally linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics model, we analyze oxygen consumption measurement data from a documented experiment on energy cost management and optimization by horses moving at three different gaits. Horses adapt to a particular gait by mobilizing a nearly constant number of muscle units minimizing waste production per unit distance covered; this number significantly changes during transition between gaits. The mechanical function of the animal is therefore determined both by its own thermodynamic characteristics and by the metabolic operating point of the locomotor system.Within general relativity, the unique stationary solution of an isolated black hole is the Kerr spacetime, which has a peculiar multipolar structure depending only on its mass and spin. We develop a general method to extract the multipole moments of arbitrary stationary spacetimes and apply it to a large family of horizonless microstate geometries. The latter can break the axial and equatorial symmetry of the Kerr metric and have a much richer multipolar structure, which provides a portal to constrain fuzzball models phenomenologically. We find numerical evidence that all multipole moments are typically larger (in absolute value) than those of a Kerr black hole with the same mass and spin. Current measurements of the quadrupole moment of black-hole candidates could place only mild constraints on fuzzballs, while future gravitational-wave detections of extreme mass-ratio inspirals with the space mission LISA will improve these bounds by orders of magnitude.How separate yet related episodes of experience are associated in memory is a major question in cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience. Adults and children both integrate content acquired in separate episodes, yet they may do so under different task conditions. Neuroimaging studies suggest that adults integrate the contents of separate memory traces at encoding and thus without an explicit prompt; behavioral studies suggest that children do so only when specifically prompted. In the present research, we developed a novel paradigm to test integration of memory content using eye-gaze in an indirect (unprompted) test and self-derivation of new factual knowledge based on related facts in direct (open-ended and forced-choice) tests. To permit use of color images to accompany the stimuli, we developed a procedure for equating color images on 23 low-level properties that otherwise might control eye-gaze behavior. We used the paradigm with adults (Experiment 1) and 7- to 9-year-old children (Experiment 2). Both groups succeeded on the direct tests. Among adults, unprompted integration of memory content (in the indirect test) was apparent and supported open-ended self-derivation (in the direct test). Across trials, children did not show evidence of unprompted integration of memory content and performance during the unprompted indirect test did not support open-ended self-derivation; longer looking to target versus foil images during the indirect test was related to direct test performance under forced-choice conditions, however. The patterns indicate that adults and children engage the process of integration of memory content under different task conditions, and that when integration processes take place without an explicit prompt they have different functional consequences for adults and children. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Mind perception-the attribution of mental states to humans and nonhuman entities-is an essential element of social cognition (distinct from related constructs such as perspective-taking and attribution). Despite its importance, research often captures this construct in hypothetical and atypical situations. We therefore used a novel text analysis tool-the Mind Perception Dictionary (MPD)-to measure linguistic use of mind perception (words related to "agency" and "experience") in naturalistic settings (externally valid contexts in the world unprompted by experimental demand) and test basic theoretical claims across 15 total studies (N = 7713). Initial validation studies show that the MPD reliably captures language referring to mental states when people focus more versus less on a stimulus's mental capacities. Studies 2A-5B illustrate that people use the concept of mind to distinguish friends from acquaintances (Studies 2A and 2B), human from nonhuman entities (technology in Studies 3A and 3B; nonhuman animals in Studies 4A and 4B), and the self from others (Studies 5A and 5B).
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