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Sparse Visual-Inertial Rating Devices Placement pertaining to Stride Kinematics Review.
When multiple strains of microbes form social groups, such as the multicellular fruiting bodies of Dictyostelium discoideum, conflict can arise regarding cell fate. Both fixed and plastic differences among strains can contribute to cell fate, and plastic responses may be particularly important if social environments frequently change. We used RNA-sequencing and photographic time series analysis to detect possible conflict-induced plastic differences between wild D. discoideum aggregates formed by single strains compared with mixed pairs of strains (chimeras). We found one hundred and two differentially expressed genes that were enriched for biological processes including cytoskeleton organization and cyclic AMP response (up-regulated in chimeras), and DNA replication and cell cycle (down-regulated in chimeras). In addition, our data indicate that in reference to a time series of multicellular development in the laboratory strain AX4, chimeras may be slightly behind clonal aggregates in their development. Finally, phenotypic analysis supported slower splitting of aggregates and a nonsignificant trend for larger group sizes in chimeras. The transcriptomic comparison and phenotypic analyses support discoordination among aggregate group members due to social conflict. These results are consistent with previously observed factors that affect cell fate decision in D. discoideum and provide evidence for plasticity in cAMP signaling and phenotypic coordination during development in response to social conflict in D. discoideum and similar microbial social groups. © 2020 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Among the traits whose relevance for plant invasions has recently been suggested are genome size (the amount of nuclear DNA) and ploidy level. So far, research on the role of genome size in invasiveness has been mostly based on indirect evidence by comparing species with different genome sizes, but how karyological traits influence competition at the intraspecific level remains unknown. We addressed these questions in a common-garden experiment evaluating the outcome of direct intraspecific competition among 20 populations of Phragmites australis, represented by clones collected in North America and Europe, and differing in their status (native and invasive), genome size (small and large), and ploidy levels (tetraploid, hexaploid, or octoploid). Each clone was planted in competition with one of the others in all possible combinations with three replicates in 45-L pots. Upon harvest, the identity of 21 shoots sampled per pot was revealed by flow cytometry and DNA analysis. Differences in performance were examined using relative proportions of shoots of each clone, ratios of their aboveground biomass, and relative yield total (RYT). The performance of the clones in competition primarily depended on the clone status (native vs. invasive). Measured in terms of shoot number or aboveground biomass, the strongest signal observed was that North American native clones always lost in competition to the other two groups. In addition, North American native clones were suppressed by European natives to a similar degree as by North American invasives. North American invasive clones had the largest average shoot biomass, but only by a limited, nonsignificant difference due to genome size. There was no effect of ploidy on competition. Since the North American invaders of European origin are able to outcompete the native North American clones, we suggest that their high competitiveness acts as an important driver in the early stages of their invasion. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.The open source and free programming language R is a phenomenal mechanism to address a multiplicity of challenges in ecology and evolution. this website It is also a complex ecosystem because of the diversity of solutions available to the analyst.Packages for R enhance and specialize the capacity to explore both niche data/experiments and more common needs. However, the paradox of choice or how we select between many seemingly similar options can be overwhelming and lead to different potential outcomes.There is extensive choice in ecology and evolution between packages for both fundamental statistics and for more specialized domain-level analyses.Here, we provide a checklist to inform these decisions based on the principles of resilience, need, and integration with scientific workflows for evidence.It is important to explore choices in any analytical coding environment-not just R-for solutions to challenges in ecology and evolution, and document this process because it advances reproducible science, promotes a deeper understand of the scientific evidence, and ensures that the outcomes are correct, representative, and robust. © 2020 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.For skeletal muscle engineering, scaffolds that can stimulate myogenic differentiation of cells while possessing suitable mechanical properties (e.g. flexibility) are required. In particular, the elastic property of scaffolds is of importance which helps to resist and support the dynamic conditions of muscle tissue environment. Here, we developed highly flexible nanocomposite nanofibrous scaffolds made of polycarbonate diol and isosorbide-based polyurethane and hydrophilic nano-graphene oxide added at concentrations up to 8%. The nano-graphene oxide incorporation increased the hydrophilicity, elasticity, and stress relaxation capacity of the polyurethane-derived nanofibrous scaffolds. When cultured with C2C12 cells, the polyurethane-nano-graphene oxide nanofibers enhanced the initial adhesion and spreading of cells and further the proliferation. Furthermore, the polyurethane-nano-graphene oxide scaffolds significantly up-regulated the myogenic mRNA levels and myosin heavy chain expression. Of note, the cells on the flexible polyurethane-nano-graphene oxide nanofibrous scaffolds could be mechanically stretched to experience dynamic tensional force. Under the dynamic force condition, the cells expressed significantly higher myogenic differentiation markers at both gene and protein levels and exhibited more aligned myotubular formation. The currently developed polyurethane-nano-graphene oxide nanofibrous scaffolds, due to their nanofibrous morphology and high mechanical flexibility, along with the stimulating capacity for myogenic differentiation, are considered to be a potential matrix for future skeletal muscle engineering. © The Author(s) 2020.
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