Notes

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ced only in samples from three patients. It should be noted that the proportion of Lactobacillus spp. increased ten-fold and their species composition significantly expanded. According to the obtained results, a preliminary conclusion can be made that even a single FT procedure can lead to an increase in the biodiversity of the gastrointestinal microbiota in patients and to the optimization of the taxonomic composition of the microbiota.Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) form one of the most common symbiosis with the majority of land plants. AMF supply the plant with various mineral elements, primarily phosphorus, and improve the water supply. The search for the most effective AMF strains for symbiosis and the creation of microbial preparations on that basis is an important task for modern biology. Owing to the difficulties of cultivation without a host plant and their high genetic polymorphism, identifying AMF is very difficult. A high number of cryptic species often makes morphological identification unreliable. Recent years have seen a growth in the number of AMF biodiversity studies performed by modern NGS-based methods, Illumina MiSeq in particular. Currently, there are still many questions that remain for the identification of AМF. The most important are whether conservative or variable sequences should be used to select a marker for barcoding and whether universal primers or those specific to AMF should be used. In our work, we have successfully used universal primers ITS3 and ITS4 for the sequencing in Illumina MiSeq of the 5.8S rDNA - ITS2 region of the 35S rRNA genes, which contain both a conservative and variable regions. The molecular genetic approach for AMF identification was quite effective and allowed us to reliably identify eight of nine isolates to the species level five isolates of Rhizophagus irregularis, and one isolate of R. invermaius, Paraglomus laccatum, and Claroideoglomus etunicatum, respectively. For all five R. irregularis isolates, high variability in the ITS region and the absence of ecotopic-related molecular characters in the ITS2 region were demonstrated. The NCBI data is still insufficient for accurate AMF identification of Acaulospora sp. isolates from the genus to the species level.Methylotrophic yeasts have been used as the platform for expression of heterologous proteins since the 1980's. They are highly productive and allow producing eukaryotic proteins with an acceptable glycosylation level. The first Pichia pastoris-based system for expression of recombinant protein was developed on the basis of the treeexudate- derived strain obtained in the US southwest. P22077 cost Being distributed free of charge for scientific purposes, this system has become popular around the world. As methylotrophic yeasts were classified in accordance with biomolecular markers, strains used for production of recombinant protein were reclassified as Komagataella phaffii. Although patent legislation suggests free access to these yeasts, they have been distributed on a contract basis. Whereas their status for commercial use is undetermined, the search for alternative stains for expression of recombinant protein continues. Strains of other species of methylotrophic yeasts have been adapted, among which the genus Ogataea rappear.The Septoria blotch of spring wheat leaves and ears is one of the most economically significant infections in the Siberian region. In the control systems of Septoria blotch the main ecologically safe element is resistant varieties, which are designed to slow down the pathogens reproduction rate and slow down or stop the development of the epiphytotic process. The purpose of the work was to clarify the species composition of Septoria blotch pathogens for West Siberian regions and spring wheat varieties, to study the epiphytotic process of Septoria differentially on the leaves and ears of varieties, and to evaluate the activity of seed transmission of Parastagonospora nodorum. Studies were carried out in 2016-2018 according to generally accepted methods. Septoria leaf and ear blotch of spring wheat is widespread in West Siberia and the Trans-Urals, causing a decrease in yield by up to 50 % or more with the deterioration in grain quality. The causative agents of the disease are P. nodorum, Septoria tritici, and ditions. The study of the collection of spring wheat varieties from three Siberian regions has revealed the following trend. Transmission of P. nodorum with the seeds of varieties was the most active (7.6 %) in Novosibirsk Region and somewhat weaker in Omsk Region (5.7 %). The most favorable phytosanitary situation was in Kurgan Region, where varieties transmitted P. nodorum to a low degree (2.1 %), below the threshold.Stem rust in recent years has acquired an epiphytotic character, causing significant economic damage for wheat production in some parts of Western Siberia. On the basis of a race composition study of the stem rust populations collected in 2016-2017 in Omsk region and Altai Krai, 13 pathotypes in Omsk population and 10 in Altai population were identified. The race differentiation of stem rust using a tester set of 20 North American Sr genes differentiator lines was carried out. The genes of stem rust pathotypes of the Omsk population are avirulent only to the resistance gene Sr31, Altai isolates are avirulent not only to Sr31, but also to Sr24, and Sr30. A low frequency of virulence (10-25 %) of the Omsk population pathotypes was found for Sr11, Sr24, Sr30, and for Altai population - Sr7b, Sr9b, Sr11, SrTmp, which are ineffective in Omsk region. Field evaluations of resistance to stem rust were made in 2016-2018 in Omsk region in the varieties and spring wheat lines from three different sources. The first set Sr36), and Fleming (Sr6, Sr24, Sr36, 1RS-Am), Pavon 76 (Sr2 complex) from the ISRTN nursery; No. 1 BC1F2 (96 × 113) × 145 × 113 (Sr2, Sr36, Sr44), No. 14а F3 (96 × 113) × 145 (Sr36, Sr44), No. 19 BC2F3 (96 × 113) × 113 (Sr2, Sr36, Sr44), and No. 20 F3 (96 × 113) × 145 (Sr2, Sr36, Sr40, Sr44) from the Arsenal collection; and the Omsk State Agrarian University varieties Element 22 (Sr31, Sr35), Lutescens 27-12, Lutescens 87-12 (Sr23, Sr36), Lutescens 70-13, and Lutescens 87-13 (Sr23, Sr31, Sr36). These sources are recommended for inclusion in the breeding process for developing stem rust resistant varieties in the region.
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