Notes

Manganese(III)-promoted thiocarbonylation involving alkylborates together with disulfides: synthesis associated with aliphatic thioesters.
BACKGROUND Breast augmentation in primary or secondary patients with long lower pole lengths but appropriately sited nipples is at high risk of "bottoming out" following surgery. The lower pole mastopexy-augmentation (LPMA) was developed to correct long lower pole lengths or preempt bottoming out in breasts deemed at risk, avoiding the requirement for periareolar and vertical breast scar, as well as minimizing the requirement for the use of synthetic mesh. OBJECTIVES The goal of this short report was to analyze outcomes in cases undergoing the LPMA to determine its application and limitations. buy Molnupiravir METHODS The author reviewed 12 consecutive cases of both primary and secondary situations over a 6-year period. Cases were objectively assessed according to the relationship of the nipple to the point of maximal breast projection on lateral view, as well as the upperlower pole breast proportions. RESULTS All cases provided good outcomes, with improvements in both the position of the nipple in relation to the point of maximal breast projection, and with respect to the upperlower pole breast ratios. CONCLUSION Lower pole mastopexy augmentation is a useful addition to the armamentarium in dealing with complex situations in breast augmentation. © 2020 The Aesthetic Society. Reprints and permission [email protected] (ACh) is known to regulate cortical activity during different behavioral states, for example, wakefulness and attention. Here we show a differential expression of muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) and nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) in different layer 6A (L6A) pyramidal cell (PC) types of somatosensory cortex. At low concentrations, ACh induced a persistent hyperpolarization in corticocortical (CC) but a depolarization in corticothalamic (CT) L6A PCs via M 4 and M1 mAChRs, respectively. At ~ 1 mM, ACh depolarized exclusively CT PCs via α4β2 subunit-containing nAChRs without affecting CC PCs. Miniature EPSC frequency in CC PCs was decreased by ACh but increased in CT PCs. In synaptic connections with a presynaptic CC PC, glutamate release was suppressed via M4 mAChR activation but enhanced by nAChRs via α4β2 nAChRs when the presynaptic neuron was a CT PC. Thus, in L6A, the interaction of mAChRs and nAChRs results in an altered excitability and synaptic release, effectively strengthening CT output while weakening CC synaptic signaling. © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail [email protected] Although gene set enrichment analysis has become an integral part of high-throughput gene expression data analysis, the assessment of enrichment methods remains rudimentary and ad hoc. In the absence of suitable gold standards, evaluations are commonly restricted to selected datasets and biological reasoning on the relevance of resulting enriched gene sets. RESULTS We develop an extensible framework for reproducible benchmarking of enrichment methods based on defined criteria for applicability, gene set prioritization and detection of relevant processes. This framework incorporates a curated compendium of 75 expression datasets investigating 42 human diseases. The compendium features microarray and RNA-seq measurements, and each dataset is associated with a precompiled GO/KEGG relevance ranking for the corresponding disease under investigation. We perform a comprehensive assessment of 10 major enrichment methods, identifying significant differences in runtime and applicability to RNA-seq data, fraction of enriched gene sets depending on the null hypothesis tested and recovery of the predefined relevance rankings. We make practical recommendations on how methods originally developed for microarray data can efficiently be applied to RNA-seq data, how to interpret results depending on the type of gene set test conducted and which methods are best suited to effectively prioritize gene sets with high phenotype relevance. AVAILABILITY http//bioconductor.org/packages/GSEABenchmarkeR. CONTACT [email protected]. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email [email protected] and nitrogen availability limit crop productivity globally more than most other environmental factors. Plant availability of macronutrients such as nitrate is, to a large extent, regulated by the amount of water available in the soil, and, during drought episodes, crops can become simultaneously water- and nitrogen-limited. In this review, we explore the intricate relationship between water and nitrogen transport in plants, from transpiration-driven mass flow in the soil to uptake by roots via membrane transporters and channels and transport to aerial organs. The role of root architecture and of suberised hydrophobic root barriers governing apoplastic water and nitrogen movement into the vascular system are discussed. We point to the need of identifying the signalling cascades regulating water and nitrogen transport, and the need for targeted physiological analyses of plant traits influencing water and nitrogen uptake. We further advocate for incorporation of new phenotyping technologies, breeding strategies, and agronomic practices to improve crop yield in water- and nitrogen-limited production systems. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.OBJECTIVE To gain a better understanding of the complex and independent associations between different measures of socio-economic position (SEP) and smoking in England. METHODS Between March 2013 and January 2019 data were collected from 120,496 adults aged 16+ in England taking part in the Smoking Toolkit Study. Of these, 18.04% (n=21,720) were current smokers. Six indicators of SEP were measured social-grade, employment status, educational qualifications, home and car ownership and income. Models were constructed using ridge regression to assess the contribution of each measure of SEP, taking account of high collinearity. RESULTS The strongest predictor of smoking status was housing tenure. Those who did not own their own home had twice the odds of smoking compared with homeowners (OR=2.01). Social grade, educational qualification and income were also good predictors. Those in social grades C1 (OR=1.04), C2 (OR=1.29), D (OR=1.39) and E (OR=1.78) had higher odds of smoking than those in social grade AB. Similarly, those with A-level/equivalent (OR=1.
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