Notes

Cosmic-ray neutron fluxes as well as spectra with different altitudes based on S5620 Carlo simulations.
ture chin position and aid in deciding the need for mandibular surgery.
This study draws to a conclusive finding that the movement of maxilla in the superior direction has an effect on the repositioning of the chin in the anterior and cranial directions. This has led to a formulation that 1 mm of superior impaction of maxilla results in 0.6 mm of vertical and 0.2 mm of sagittal movement of chin. This might help to have a glance of future chin position and aid in deciding the need for mandibular surgery.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of buccal and lingual infiltration (B/L I) of 2% lignocaine HCl and buccal infiltration (BI) of 4% articaine for orthodontic extraction of mandibular premolars.

One hundred and four patients (age group 14-26years) were selected with the indication of bilateral mandibular first or second premolar extraction for orthodontic treatment. Patients were randomly distributed in 2 groups. Group A received B/L I with lignocaine and Group B for BI with articaine in two different appointments in 2-week interval. The pain scores for each patient were evaluated during extraction using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and verbal pain scale (VPS). Statistical analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistics using Chi-square test. The agreement between VAS and VPS was obtained by applying intra-class correlation coefficient.

No pain was experienced during extraction in 77% (VAS) and 79% (VPS) patients infiltrated in group A and 84% (VAS) and 90% (VPS) patients of group B with articaine. The difference between the groups was statistically significant. A strong positive correlation was found between VAS and VPS scores in the both groups.

Buccal infiltration with articaine proved to be an effective alternative to buccal and lingual infiltration with lignocaine in the extraction of mandibular premolars.
Buccal infiltration with articaine proved to be an effective alternative to buccal and lingual infiltration with lignocaine in the extraction of mandibular premolars.
To assess the feasibility and the outcome of endoscopically assisted repair of zygomatico-maxillary complex orbital fractures in a tertiary care hospital.

A descriptive study was carried out over a period of 2years (01. 11. 2014-31. 10. 2016). 0°-4mm endoscopes were used for intra-operative endoscopic exploration. Regular armamentarium for management of maxillofacial trauma along with standard plating systems was used. Commercially available medical grade titanium meshes were utilised for orbital floor reconstruction.

Fifty-seven of hundred and twelve surgically managed zygomatico-maxillary complex fractures required orbital exploration. Twenty-one of these had reconstruction of the orbital floor. Endoscopically assisted exploration was performed in 10 of the 21; trans-nasally in three cases, the Caldwell-Luc approach was used in three cases, and in another three, the existing fracture in the anterior wall of the maxilla was utilised. In addition, an endoscopic trans-nasal-sphenoidal approach was opted for to access the orbital apex to manage fractured bone fragments that were impinging on the optic nerve in one of the patients.

Endoscopes serve as the primary tool in minimally invasive procedures. They are yet to evolve as a major role player in the maxillofacial arena. The authors conclude that endoscopes are truly beneficial as an adjunct to existing techniques. They hold much promise for the future.
Endoscopes serve as the primary tool in minimally invasive procedures. They are yet to evolve as a major role player in the maxillofacial arena. The authors conclude that endoscopes are truly beneficial as an adjunct to existing techniques. They hold much promise for the future.
This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of treatment of mandibular angle fractures using 3D rectangular grid plate.

A total of 10 patients with mandibular angle fractures with or without associated facial fractures requiring open reduction and internal fixation were included in the study. Fixation was done using 3D rectangular grid plate.

The mean age of the patients in the study is 34.7 years. In all the cases, fracture was adequately reduced (100%) intraoperatively and confirmed through postoperative radiographs. The mean mouth opening by the end of 3 months is 38.60 mm. Four patients had paresthesia of inferior alveolar nerve pre- and postoperatively, and normal sensation was regained by the end of the third month. There were no reported cases of infection and hardware failure during the 9-month follow-up period.

The results of the study suggest that 3D rectangular grid plate is a feasible alternative to conventional miniplate systems with good clinical outcome and fewer complications related to paresthesia, infection and hardware failure.
The results of the study suggest that 3D rectangular grid plate is a feasible alternative to conventional miniplate systems with good clinical outcome and fewer complications related to paresthesia, infection and hardware failure.
Endoscopic-assisted excision of forehead tumours like osteomas and lipomas is well established, but the conventional techniques suffer from many limitations like inadequate access, fogging of the endoscope and unclear vision due to collection of blood and debris.

Three simple modifications of the conventional endoscopic forehead techniquefor benign tumour excisionsare described by the acronym'ZISIS'.
Zigzag scalp incision increases the surface area of the opening permitting easy insertion of multiple instruments along with the endoscope.
Suction tubing made from a disposable suction catheter tube is taped along the endoscope sheath for continuous suctioning and good vision.
Irrigation system of warm saline made with an infant feeding tube is also taped along the endoscope just opening in the front of the suction tube.

A total of 12 consecutive patients underwent endoscopic excision of forehead benign tumours in 2years. This included 2 lipomas and 10 osteomas cases. see more All patients achievedexcellent hidden scars in the scalp. All patients rated their results as excellent with respect to the hidden scar and aesthetic result. No early or late complications were reported with follow-up ranging from 6months to 2years.

A new simple modification called 'ZISIS' endoscopic forehead excision technique is described for benign forehead tumours excision making it easier, efficient and ergonomic.

Evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the intervention, such as case studies.
Evidence obtained from multiple time series with or without the intervention, such as case studies.
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