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Finally, more negative of the onset potential, the electrode attracts additional reactants, displacing the stationary products and enabling steady state current. This work shows that the integration of a vibrational Stark-shift probe with a proton donor provides critical insight into the interplay between interfacial electrostatics and heterogeneous chemical reactions. Such insights cannot be obtained from electrochemical measurements alone.The heterogeneous Fenton process has been widely applied though some aspects of this process are still poorly understood. In this study, we simultaneously quantify the adsorption and decomposition of formate and H2O2 at pH 4.0 in the presence of freshly formed ferrihydrite and provide new insights into the ferrihydrite-induced heterogeneous Fenton mechanism with the aid of kinetic and reactive-transport modeling. Our results show that the decomposition of H2O2 and formate is controlled by surface-initiated reactions. Adsorbed formate occupies the surface sites otherwise available for reaction with H2O2 and therefore hampers the surface Fenton reactions despite the negligible accumulation of H2O2 on the surface. The minimal impact of methanol (an effective HO• scavenger) on formate oxidation as well as the poor oxidation of fully adsorbed oxalate compared with the ready oxidation of partially adsorbed formate demonstrates that oxidation mainly occurs in the solid-liquid boundary layer, rather than in bulk or on the surface. This is suggested to be due to the diffusion of surface-generated HO•, rather than surface Fe(II), to the boundary layer with the results of kinetic and reactive-transport modeling supporting this conclusion. The new findings are critical to our understanding of the removal behavior of more complex organic target species and to the design of more effective heterogeneous Fenton technologies.The metabolism of the insecticide momfluorothrin (1), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-(methoxymethyl)benzyl (EZ)-(1R,3R)-3-(2-cyanoprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, 14C-labeled at the benzyl or cyclopropyl carbon, was investigated in lettuce. The metabolic profiles were similar between the two active ingredients, 1-R-trans-Z and 1-R-trans-E. On the leaf surface, 1 gradually volatilized and penetrated into the plant with concomitant degradation to form aldehyde/carboxylic acid derivatives via oxidative cleavage of the propenyl double bond. No isomerization of 1 proceeded at any chiral carbon. In the leaf tissues, 1 underwent ester hydrolysis to give the corresponding alcohol and chrysanthemic acid moieties, followed by glucose conjugation and successive malonic acid or ribose modification. Assuming O3 or 1O2 as the major reactant for the degradation on the plant, the reactivity with the alkenyl group in the substructure methyl (1R,3R)-3-[(Z)-2-cyanoprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate was estimated from the HOMO/LUMO energy at the B3LYP/6-311+G** level, which indicated a lower potential of 1 than analogous pyrethroids due to its electron-withdrawing cyano group.The global pandemic of diabetes and diabetes complications confers heavy pressure on public health. Novel antidiabetes strategies with negligible unwanted effects are urgently needed. Currently, the anti-hyperglycemic potential of plant-based functional ingredients has been explored to provide alternative strategies. As a kind of dietary bioactive compound, oleuropein has aroused the growing interest of researchers in diabetes and diabetes complications management. read more This review reveals the research progress of oleuropein in treating diabetes and diabetes complications and summarizes the molecular mechanisms involved in these beneficial effects of oleuropein. Oleuropein achieves amelioration of diabetes, the mechanisms of which include the modulation of insulin secretion, the repairment islet morphology, the activation of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase singling, and the improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Oleuropein also can relieve diabetes complications including diabetic nephropathy, diabetes cardiovascular complications, diabetic retinopathy, poor wound healing, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic testicular dysfunction. Oleuropein reverses cell apoptosis, regenerates tissues, restores the histological organization, and decreases oxidative stress in treating diabetes complications. Taken together, oleuropein is a promising compound for diabetes and diabetes complications management and can be used as a nutraceutical to fight against these diseases.We demonstrate the fabrication of sub-20 nm gate-all-around silicon (Si) nanowire field effect transistor structures using self-assembly. To create nanopatterned Si feature arrays, a block-copolymer-assisted hard mask approach was utilized using a topographically patterned substrate with well-defined Si3N4 features for graphoepitaxially alignment of the self-assembled patterns. Microphase-separated long-range ordered polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) block-copolymer-derived dot and line nanopatterns were achieved by a thermo-solvent approach within the substrate topographically defined channels of various widths and lengths. Solvent annealing parameters (temperature, annealing time, etc.) were varied to achieve the desired patterns. The BCP structures were modified by anhydrous ethanol to facilitate insertion of iron oxide features within the graphoepitaxial trenches that maintained the parent BCP arrangements. Vertical and horizontal ordered Si nanowire structures within trenches were fabricated using the iron oxide features as hard masks in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etch process. Cross-sectional micrographs depict wires of persistent width and flat sidewalls indicating the effectiveness of the mask. The aspect ratios could be varied by varying etch times. The sharp boundaries between the transistor components was also examined through the elemental mapping.The shortage of freshwater is threatening sustainable economic development and ecological security worldwide. Janus membrane, as a highly efficient method to collect the invisible fog water in the wet environment, is still hindered by some inherent limitations (1) poor condensation of fog droplets on the superhydrophobic side due to the ultralow adhesive force of droplets with substrate and (2) insufficient detachment of droplets from the superhydrophilic side in time, which hampers the continuous water transport in the micropores. Herein, inspired by the desert beetle's back with alternating hydrophobic/hydrophilic bumps and the cactus thorn with an asymmetric geometry, we design and fabricate a kind of hierarchical hydrophilic/hydrophobic/bumpy Janus (HHHBJ) membrane by femtosecond laser ablation on an aluminum membrane to achieve the self-driven fog collection, which achieves over 250% enhancement in the water collection efficiency over the conventional Janus membrane. Even when the mist flow is applied to the surface at an incident angle of 45°, the collection efficiency increases by 600%.
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