Notes

Disease-free occasion stratification throughout in your area recurrent neck and head carcinoma right after specified radiotherapy or perhaps chemoradiotherapy.
Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is prepared from the controlled chemical or enzymatic depolymerization of animal sourced heparins. It has been widely used as an anticoagulant. Concerns about the shortcomings of animal-derived heparin and the contamination of supply chain demand biochemical approaches for synthesizing LMWH. In the present study, two LMWHs were enzymatically synthesized from low molecular weight N-sulfated heparosan (LMW-NSH) cleaved by recombinant hydrolase, endo-β-glucuronidase, (HepBp) or heparin lyase III (HepIII), followed by subsequent sulfotransferase modifications. Structural characterization shows that LMWH chains prepared using HepBp had a saturated uronic acid residue at their reducing ends, while chains of LMWH prepared using HepIII had an unsaturated uronic acid residue at their non-reducing end. Both LMWHs had anti-factor Xa and anti-factor IIa activities comparable to enoxaparin. This approach demonstrates that the hydrolase, HepBp, can be used to prepare a new type of LMWH that has no unsaturated uronic acid at its non-reducing end.In our ongoing process of discovering bioactive macromolecules, a homogeneous polysaccharide (FOP80-1) was first purified from Fomes officinalis. FOP80-1 with molecular weight of 4560 Da was mainly composed of →3)-d-Galp-(1→, →4)-β-d-Manp-(1→, →6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-d-Glcp-(1→, and t--d-Glcp. Besides the structure features, the anti-tumor activity and potential mechanism of FOP80-1 were also investigated. SC75741 The cellular and zebrafish experiments revealed that FOP80-1 inhibited tumor proliferation, invasion, and metastasis by increasing ROS, arresting cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing angiogenesis. Corresponding to the inhibition of angiogenesis, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments revealed that FOP80-1 had good affinity with VEGF, a crucial protein to regulate angiogenesis. Molecular docking indicated that FOP80-1 could interact with the protein VEGF.Many biomaterials for bone regeneration have recently been produced using thermally gelled curdlan (1,3-β-d-glucan) as a binder for bioceramics. As the human organism does not produce enzymes having the ability to degrade curdlan, it is not clear what is the fate of curdlan gel after its implantation in the bone. To clarify this point, in this research osteoclasts were cultured on the curdlan gel to show its degradation by acidic hydrolysis. The studies clearly demonstrated microstructural (AFM and SEM imaging) and chemical changes (Raman spectroscopy) on the curdlan surface caused by osteoclast culture. Moreover, degradation test in a cell-free system using HCl solution (pH = 4.5), mimicking environment in the resorption lacuna, showed great weight loss of the sample, release of glucose, and chemical changes typical of curdlan degradation. Thus, the presented research for the first time provides a strong evidence of osteoclast-mediated acidic hydrolysis of thermally obtained curdlan gel.Cellulose provides promising alternatives to synthetic plastics to achieve a low carbon footprint and biodegradable materials, which have significant positive impacts on environmental protection and on human health. In this work, sulfated holocellulose fibers and sulfated holocellulose nanofibrils (SHCNFs) are prepared using a combination of delignification with derivatization to achieve high fiber yield, superior recycling performance, and less energy consumption of the final products by means of preserving hemicellulose. Derivatization of the surface with sulfate groups provides a further means to avoid excessive aggregation between adjacent cellulose surfaces. Interestingly, hemicellulose increases the accessibility of holocellulose fibers and reduces the embodied energy during sulfate esterification. The presence of hemicellulose imparts high optical transmittance, mechanical performance (ultimate strength, 390 MPa; Young's modulus, 33 GPa), and recyclability for SHCNFs. This combination of two treatments can unlock the greater potential of cellulose as a sustainable material over its entire life cycle.Biorefinery plays a pivotal role in biomass economy with environmentally benign process. Herein, we report a coupling dihydrolevoglucosenone and aqueous p-toluenesulfonic acid (Cyrene/TsOH aq.) system for efficient saccharification of moso bamboo. More than 87.3 % of cellulose recovery could be observed under mild condition of 120 °C for 60 min, accompanied by 85.5 % hemicellulose removal and 79.4 % lignin extraction, respectively. Notably, 90.6 % of saccharified yield could be obtained including 67.7 % of oligosaccharide and 22.9 % of monosaccharide. Besides, the yielded lignin exhibited high purity of 99.1 % and outstanding uniform polydispersity index of 1.49 with nanoscale particle size around 347 nm, which is of great significance for further application. Furthermore, the synergistic effect between Cyrene and TsOH on efficiency and specificity of biorefinery was proposed by control experiments and verified by molecular dynamics simulation and quantum chemical calculation, which provided a new insight for full components biorefinery of lignocellulosic biomass.Nitrogen management, especially panicle nitrogen fertilization (PNF), can affect cooked rice textures by altering starch quality, but the details are unclear. In this study, the starch multi-level structures, physicochemical properties and cooked rice textures of indica under different nitrogen managements were analysed and their internal relations were investigated. With an increase in PNF, large granules, amylopectin short chains, amylose content, thermal temperatures, setback, and hardness first exhibited decreasing trends and then increasing trends, which were relatively lower under moderate PNF (N3), whereas α-1,6 linkage, relative crystallinity, protein content, enthalpy of gelatinization (△Hgel), peak viscosity, breakdown and stickiness exhibited the opposite trends. N3 treatment significantly increased △Hgel and breakdown and decreased setback, hardness and chewiness, suggesting that it might contribute to better starch thermal stability and pasting properties, ultimately improving cooked rice texture. Nitrogen management affected the texture of cooked rice mainly by improving starch multi-level structures, thermal and pasting viscosities.Cyanobacterial biomass and cellulose-based materials have been used separately as green bio-adsorbents for the removal of toxic metals from water. Hybrid materials made of living microbial cells encased in a solid matrix have shown good potential for bioremediation. Here, the fast-growing cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus UTEX 2973 was embedded in situ into bacterial cellulose (BC), a robust biopolymer rich in hydroxyl groups with excellent water holding capacity. The living material was obtained by injecting S. elongatus into a Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans culture producing BC. Several types of BC/S. elongatus (BC/SE) materials were developed including small spheroids and flat films with different cyanobacteria loads via simple adjustments of the biosynthesis process parameters. BC/SE spheroids were evaluated for toxic copper removal and exhibited excellent adsorption properties compared to pure BC with a maximum capacity of 156.25 mg g-1. Thus, this simple bio-embedding approach holds promises in the development of living materials for environmental applications.Cyclodextrins are extensively employed in drug delivery systems like inclusion complexes, metal-organic frameworks, functionalized or PEGylated conjugates, and other nanocarrier systems such as nanosponges or hydrogel nanoparticles for targeted effect or prolonged release action. Applications of CDs range from drug-loaded nanocarrier systems useful for disease conditions (such as cancer, diabetes, and bacterial infections, etc.) to supramolecular chemistry, diagnostics, imaging, biosensors, and medical devices. However, there is a limited data and information on the adverse effects caused by cyclodextrins and their toxicities in the medical field. Various in-vitro and ex-vivo toxic effects such as cytotoxicity, ototoxicity, etc. as well as the adverse and toxic effects depend on the role of administration of cyclodextrins. This review article focuses on the advancement of characteristics, properties and chemistry of cyclodextrins and addresses the new challenges faced in cyclodextrin-based delivery systems and the various toxicities induced by them.Timely detection and accurate staging of liver fibrosis still remains a challenge. Herein, we report a hyaluronic acid (HA)-based magnetic resonance (MR)/fluorescence imaging agent, HA-Target-Cy5.5-DOTA-Gd (HTCDGd) with oxyamine groups to target allysine in the fibrous tissue, and a control agent, HA-Cy5.5-DOTA-Gd (HCDGd) without the targeting group was also prepared. Both agents have a nanoscale size with a high relaxivity, and show a rapid blood clearance rate and great biosafety. Compared to HCDGd, interaction of the targeting oxyamine groups in HTCDGd with allysine of collagen in the fibrosis tissue facilitates high accumulation of HTCDGd in the liver and allows sensitive and long-term detection of liver fibrosis at the early stage (Ishak = 3) and the late stage (Ishak = 5) in animal models via its enhanced MR signal. Those results are confirmed by fluorescence images. Overall, HTCDGd has been demonstrated as an effective agent for non-invasive and accurate diagnosis of liver fibrosis.A robust chitosan/tunicate cellulose nanocrystals (TCNCs) anisotropic hydrogel with bright interference colors was fabricated via combining the prestretching orientation method and chemically-physically dual cross-linking. The oriented regenerated chitosan nanofibrous network enabled the TCNCs alignment by covalent interaction and hydrogen bonding. The stretching alignment endows the chitosan/TCNCs hydrogel with enhanced tensile strength, from 0.63 MPa (draw ratio 1.0) to 2.06 MPa (draw ratio 3.5). Moreover, the orientation of chitosan nanofibers led to birefringence appearance, which could be regulated with the TCNCs introduction or draw ratios. The hydrogel swelled completely in 2 min in pH = 3 solution and the interference color disappeared. The oriented chitosan/TCNCs hydrogels showed distinct color change under acid stimulation, which could be quantitatively measured or directly observed under crossed polarizers. This work demonstrated a strategy for fabricating the interference color regulatable hydrogels with acid-response property for sensors and environmental monitoring.In this work a synthetic protocol for the functionalization of hyaluronic acid with diethylenetriamine (DETA) was standardized. HA-DETA derivatives were characterized by NMR and proton carbon correlation analysis HSQC and HMBC to confirm chemical structure. A selected derivative was used to set up a green fabrication procedure for HA-DETA capped silver nanoparticles with the aim to achieve a polymeric based coating with potential application in the treatment of medical devices associated infections. Data from UV-visible spectroscopy, electron scanning and transmission microscope (STEM), photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS) and rheological characterization were combined to characterize the HA-DETA/Ag nanocomposites. HA-DETA stabilized Ag nanoparticles (10-30 nm) were obtained through an UV accelerated production. The viability of MC3T3-E1 was analyzed with the aim of designing a cytocompatible antimicrobial coating. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of HA-DETA/Ag nanocomposites have been tested in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa both in culture plates than on titanium specimens.
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