Notes

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Enrolment was highest in the LDDs (22.8%), followed by MDDs (21.9%) and HDDs (18.7%). The number of hospitals per 100,000 families enrolled was the highest in HDDs (8.0) and lowest in LDDs (4.6). Pralsetinib The utilization was the highest in HDD followed by MDD and lowest in LDD.

The disparity in the hospitals availability and utilization between districts should be addressed by adopting a targeting approach giving priorities to empanelling hospitals in the less-developed districts.
The disparity in the hospitals availability and utilization between districts should be addressed by adopting a targeting approach giving priorities to empanelling hospitals in the less-developed districts.
Fall in older people is a major public health concern. Two-third of the death due to fall are preventable. Risk assessment in older adults therefore is the first step to identify the high-risk group to plan need-based intervention.

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of risk of fall among older adults and its association with cognitive impairment and sociodemographic characteristics.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in the field practice areas of the department of community medicine in a teaching hospital in South Kerala, India.

A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Berg Balance Scale and Mini-Cog Test were used for measuring risk of fall and cognitive impairment.

Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used for the statistical analysis using SPSS.

Among the older adults, 45% were at risk of fall, 42.4% in males and 57.6% in females. The risk of fall was found to be significantly associated with cognitive impairment, (odds ratio = 3.89, confidence interval at 95% = 2.06-7.31,
< 0.001). Advanced age, female gender, and unemployed status were significantly associated with the risk of fall.

The risk of fall prevalence was high and significantly related to cognitive impairment, advanced age, female gender, and occupational status, with more than half of those currently not working having a higher risk. The study would recommend regular follow-up of risk groups for prevention a good percentage of fall and thereby the related injuries.
The risk of fall prevalence was high and significantly related to cognitive impairment, advanced age, female gender, and occupational status, with more than half of those currently not working having a higher risk. The study would recommend regular follow-up of risk groups for prevention a good percentage of fall and thereby the related injuries.
Primary health-care providers can play a crucial role in the prevention and early detection of non-communicable diseases. Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) survey of primary health-care providers is needed to assess their gaps in knowledge, and identify barriers for effective implementation of the national program. However, such KAP instruments are lacking.

The aim of this study is to develop, validate and assess the reliability of a questionnaire to determine the KAPs of primary health-care providers about hypertension and associated comorbidities.

This study was conducted in the following steps item construction and psychometric testing, by validity and reliability analysis.

The final KAP questionnaire comprised 25 knowledge items, 12 attitude items, and 8 practice items. Exploratory factor analysis using principal axis factoring with varimax rotation revealed four dimensions in the attitude section explaining 35.93% and two dimensions in practice sections explaining 65.96% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for attitude and practice session measured 0.65 and 0.85, respectively. link2 A Kuder Richardson value of 0.70 was obtained for the knowledge section. ICC coefficients were 0.56 (
< 0.00) for knowledge, 0.77 (
< 0.00) for attitude and 0.88 (
< 0.00) for practice sections indicating moderate-to-good correlations. Overall, the instrument developed had acceptable validity and reliability.

Overall, the instrument developed had acceptable validity and reliability to assess the perceptions and practices of primary healthcare providers about prevention and control of hypertension and associated comorbidities in the community.
Overall, the instrument developed had acceptable validity and reliability to assess the perceptions and practices of primary healthcare providers about prevention and control of hypertension and associated comorbidities in the community.
Excessive intake of fluorides can lead to the development of fluorosis, a serious public health issue in India. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of community defluoridation in preventing fluorosis in Kaiwara village.

This community interventional trial was conducted in Kaiwara village, Karnataka, after obtaining ethical clearance. The study included 903 participants; preintervention data were collected by recording the required parameters. The postinterventional study was carried out 2 years after installing the reverse osmosis plant. Data from pre- and post-intervention study were compared.

Dean's index showed no significant change in the pre- and post-intervention period for its various categories (
= 0.543). However, the mean urine fluoride levels were found to be decreased significantly (Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test,
< 0.001).

This study demonstrates the importance of providing defluorinated water to the village population as a potential solution for fluorosis.
This study demonstrates the importance of providing defluorinated water to the village population as a potential solution for fluorosis.
Stress is a major contributor to the physiology of hypertension (HTN) and is linked closely to mental well-being and overall quality of life (QoL). Health issues pertaining to women's health have usually focused on reproduction, while mental well-being has largely been neglected.

The objective of the study was to assess the perceived stress and QoL among homemakers with HTN.

A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out, among 426 homemakers with HTN residing in Udupi, Karnataka. link3 The sociodemographic and disease characteristics, Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale-10, World Health Organization QoL Brief Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF), anthropometry, and vitals were measured.

Of the study participants, 245 (57.5%) were aged ≤60 years and 317 (74.4%) had been diagnosed with HTN in the past decade. Low and high perceived stress was seen among 306 (71.8%) and 120 (28.2%) women, respectively. Among the four domains of WHOQOL-BREF, the physical domain had the highest mean (±standard deviation) score of 67.44 (±16.50), whereas the lowest score of 54.49 (±19.75) was observed in the social domain. The odds of high stress among single women and those with a pill burden of >2/day were 1.93 (P=0.004, 95% CI=1.228, 3.054) and 1.77 (P=0.038, 95% CI CI=0.962, 3.270) respectively. The QoL was significantly better among those aged <60 years, married, and literate women.

Mental well-being among the hypertensive homemakers was good, with low perceived stress and high mean scores of QOL domains.
Mental well-being among the hypertensive homemakers was good, with low perceived stress and high mean scores of QOL domains.
The objective was to assess cognitive impairment (CI) in adults older than 59 years, residing in rural and tribal population and to assess family burden of those who had significant CI.

This cross-sectional study was conducted among adults residing in the rural population of a block in a district located in Western India in 2015. A total of 240 households from 12 villages of the block were selected by multistage and random sampling method. Mini-mental state examination and Zarit Burden Interview tools were used to assess CI and burden. Data were entered in MS Excel 2007 and analyzed with descriptive statistics and Chi-squared test.

A total of 212 adults aged over 59 years were studied. The overall prevalence of CI was 42.92%. There was a statistically significant difference seen in CI among females as compared to males. Interview of primary care taker showed that 32 (35.16%) caregivers had little or no burden, 53 (58.24%) had mild-to-moderate burden, and 6 (6.59%) had moderate-to-severe burden, while none had a severe burden.

Enabling caregivers to provide at home care for longer periods before hospitalization would decrease the burden of CI.
Enabling caregivers to provide at home care for longer periods before hospitalization would decrease the burden of CI.
The study was conducted to identify associated factors of severe wasting among mothers.

A prospective 12 months' study was conducted in 30 randomly selected villages of Khutpani Block of West Singhbhum with a sample of 600 households with children between 0 and 3 years of age using the prevalence of wasting in West Singhbhum district National Family Health Survey, precision of 0.05, design effect of 2 and accounting for error of 10%. Data on socioeconomic status, maternal anthropometry mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices, gender-based violence, and food security were collected. Data collection was done between July 2017 and June 2018.

Wasting and severe wasting prevalence using MUAC criteria among mothers were found to be 60% and 17%, respectively. The study showed higher rate of severe maternal wasting among households facing poverty, food insecurity, poor WASH practices especially related to hand washing and toilet use and women who faced gender-based violence.

Nonnutritional interventions addressing poverty, household food insecurity, gender violence, and WASH practices are required to address maternal wasting, in addition to existing nutritional programs.
Nonnutritional interventions addressing poverty, household food insecurity, gender violence, and WASH practices are required to address maternal wasting, in addition to existing nutritional programs.
Hypertension prevalence is related to dietary sodium chloride intake. People are consuming much more sodium than is physiologically necessary. The consumption of processed food in urban India has led to a prevalence of 24%-30% of hypertension. The people have a special liking of such type of foods. This study aimed at assessing consumption of sodium among the study subjects to compare habitual additional consumption of sodium among hypertensive and normotensive patients and to find its associate factors impacting hypertension.

The hospital based, cross-sectional study was conducted on patients attending the outpatient department of general medicine. The sample size was 520 patients. Habitual additional intake of each patient was assessed by a food frequency table.

As the age advances, the proportion of hypertensive patients increases (
< 0.05). Among hypertensive patients, 38.65% were not doing exercise (
< 0.05). The body mass index >25 was found among 11.92% normotensives and among 25.38%take.
Childhood obesity is a threat worldwide; notably, some Asian nations are experiencing a shift toward obesity at a younger age. The context of overweight/obesity remains unexplored, more among younger age groups in Bangladesh. This study assessed prevalence and factors associated with overweight/obesity among 9-14-year-old school-going children studying in public and private primary schools in a selected area of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

This descriptive cross-sectional study involved 150 children recruited from four purposively selected primary schools, following simple random sampling technique. Body mass index was assessed to classify children following the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention age and sex-specific cutoff points. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 20, and Chi-square/Fisher's exact test was done to determine association.

A higher prevalence of overweight/obesity was observed among boys (67.1%) compared to girls, and the mean age was 11.6 years. Overweight and obesity were prevalent among girls (35.
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