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an Society of Hematology Annual Meeting held December 7-10, 2019, in Orlando, FL.Aim Several studies demonstrated increased alcohol intake after gastric bypass but not for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is an increased risk of developing alcohol use disorder after LSG. Materials and Methods LSG patients with at least 1-year follow-up who completed the alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT) preoperatively, and at their control visit, were the subjects. AUDIT was applied to the patients who were followed up from 1 to 6 years postoperatively. Patients were divided into two groups as those who were followed for 1-3 years and 4-6 years. AUDIT scores and risk categories were compared. According to the AUDIT results, score intervals between 0-7, 8-15, 16-19 and 20-40 identified patients with low, moderate, high risk, and alcoholism, respectively. Results There were 183 LSG patients eligible for inclusion. An AUDIT score of 2.79 before LSG showed prominent reduction in alcohol use in the first 3 years after LSG with a score of 2.27 (P = .033). At 4-6 years follow-up, AUDIT scores showed significant increase from 3.06 to 4.04, suggesting an increase in alcohol use in the long term (P = .042). In addition, the increase of risk after surgery in pre-LSG moderate-risk category (n = 21) turned out to be higher than pre-LSG low-risk category (n = 162). AUY-922 Conclusions This study showed reduction in AUDIT scores in the first 3-year follow-up after LSG and increase in the 4-6 years follow-up. High pre-LSG AUDIT score, a potential risk for future alcohol use disorder, was one of the key findings of our study. Screening of LSG candidates before and after surgery by AUDIT scoring according to risk categories with larger samples will provide useful input for relevant guidelines.Groundwater is a major source of drinking water for millions of people around the world. Over 400 million people in Africa depend solely on it as their main source of water supply. Fluoride is a common contaminant in groundwater. In low concentration (0.5-1.0 mg/L), fluoride is needed by humans for healthy development of bones and teeth, however, a concentration >1.5 mg/L has been linked with several fluorosis and non-fluorosis diseases. Dental and skeletal fluorosis are the major fluorosis diseases commonly reported with the consumption of fluoride-rich water. Although fluoride intake through other pathways such as the drinking of tea and eating of vegetables have been reported, the drinking of fluoride-rich water remains the major pathway of fluoride into humans. Cases of high fluoride levels in groundwater have been reported in almost all the sub-Saharan Africa region but it is more prevalent in East African countries, Sudan and South Africa. Although fluoride is present in surface water mostly in the Eastr and fog water harvesting and blending of water from various sources. Low-cost and sustainable deflouridation technique remains one of the best ways to treat fluoride contaminated water either at communal level or at the point-of-use.Blue and green molds, the common phenotypes of post-harvest diseases in fruits, are mainly caused by Penicillium fungal species, including P. italicum, P. digitatum, and P. expansum. We sequenced and assembled the genome of a P. italicum strain, which contains 31,034,623 bp with 361 scaffolds and 627 contigs. The mechanisms underlying the evolution of host specificity among the analyzed Penicillium species were associated with the expansion of protein families, genome restructuring, horizontal gene transfer, and positive selection pressure. A dual-transcriptome analysis following the infection of Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) by P. italicum resulted in the annotation of 9,307 P. italicum genes and 24,591 Valencia orange genes. The pathogenicity of P. italicum may be due to the activation of effectors, including 51 small secreted cysteine-rich proteins, 110 carbohydrate-active enzymes, and 12 G protein-coupled receptors. Additionally, 211 metabolites related to the interactions between P. italicum and Valeansion of protein families, genome restructuring, HGT, and positive selection pressure were related to the host range expansion of the analyzed Penicillium species. Moreover, gene gains or losses might be associated with the speciation of these Penicillium species. In addition, the molecular basis of host-plant specificity during the infection of Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) by P. italicum was also elucidated by transcriptomic and metabolomics analysis. The data presented herein may be useful for further elucidating the molecular basis of the evolution of host specificity of Penicillium species and for illustrating the host-plant specificity during the infection of Valencia orange by P. italicum.Introduction Thoracic surgery in children with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pulmonary disease is rare, as very limited virus-related lung lesions require intervention. However, some patients may suffer from other pulmonary abnormalities that can be worsened by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and they may consequently require lung surgery. COVID-19 affects the indications, surgical procedure, and postsurgical care of these patients. Background We present a case of a 14-year-old girl with COVID-19 pulmonary disease and persistent air leak due to right apical bullae that required resection. Clinical, surgical, and safety implications are discussed. The role of thoracic minimally invasive surgery under COVID-19 conditions is also analyzed. Materials and Methods The thoracoscopic procedure was scheduled earlier than normally expected. The surgery was performed in a COVID-19 reserved theatre with neutral pressure and only the necessary personnel was allowed inside. The use of the required personal protective equipment was supervised by an expert nurse before and after the intervention. Results The surgeons used a three-port technique to resect the bullae with an endostapler and no mechanical pleural abrasion was added to the procedure. Electrocautery and CO2 insufflation were avoided, and a chest drain with a closed-circuit aspiration system was installed before removing the ports. The child was discharged home 3 days later after the removal of the chest drain. Conclusions COVID-19 has an impact on the standard indications, surgical strategies and postoperative care of some conditions requiring intervention. Extra safety measures are needed in the operating room to limit the chance of transmission. Minimally invasive surgery for thoracic surgery remains safe if the current safety guidelines are followed closely.
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