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Balenine (Bal) in opah muscle was extracted using hot water and purified by ion-exchange chromatography and recrystallization to provide 41 g of over 95% pure Bal from 1 kg of opah muscle. The structure of purified Bal was identical to that of an authentic Bal standard by NMR analysis. The antioxidant (ORAC and HORAC values) and Fe(II) ion-chelating abilities of purified Bal were examined by comparison with two major imidazole dipeptides, carnosine (Car) and anserine (Ans). Opah-derived Bal showed significantly higher ORAC and HORAC values and Fe(II) ion-chelating ability at 0.3 mM. In silico molecular simulation revealed that Bal and Car formed hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atom of the imidazole imino group and the carboxyl carbonyl oxygen, whereas Ans did not. The proposed method for extracting and purifying Bal from opah muscle suggests that opah can be utilized as a functional food or Bal resource.Competitive cyclists typically sprint out of the saddle and alternately lean their bikes from side to side, away from the downstroke pedal. Yet, there is no direct evidence as to whether leaning the bicycle or conversely, attempting to minimize lean, affects maximal power output during sprint cycling. Here, we modified a cycling ergometer so that it can lean from side to side but can also be locked to prevent lean. This modified ergometer made it possible to compare maximal 1-s crank power during non-seated, sprint cycling under three different conditions locked (no lean), ad libitum lean, and minimal lean. We found that leaning the ergometer ad libitum did not enhance maximal 1-s crank power compared to the locked condition. However, trying to minimize ergometer lean decreased maximal 1-s crank power by an average of 5% compared to leaning ad libitum. IMU-derived measures of ergometer lean provided evidence that subjects leaned the ergometer away from the downstroke pedal during the ad-lib condition, as in overground cycling. This finding suggests that our ergometer provides a suitable emulation of bicycle-lean dynamics. Overall, we find that leaning a cycle ergometer ad libitum does not enhance maximal power output, but conversely, trying to minimize lean impairs maximal power output.The Short-Time Fourier transform (STFT) is a helpful tool to identify muscle fatigue with clinical and sports applications. However, the choice of STFT parameters may affect the estimation of myoelectrical manifestations of fatigue. Here, we determine the effect of window length and overlap selections on the frequency slope and the coefficient of variation from EMG spectrum features in fatiguing contractions. We also determine whether STFT parameters affect the relationship between frequency slopes and task failure. Eighty-eight healthy adult men performed one-leg heel-rise until exhaustion. R788 A factorial design with a window length of 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ms with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 90% of overlap was used. The frequency slope was non-linearly fitted as a task failure function, followed by a dimensionality reduction and clustering analysis. The STFT parameters elicited five patterns. A small window length produced a higher slope frequency for the peak frequency (p less then 0.001). The contrary was found for the mean and median frequency (p less then 0.001). A larger window length elicited a higher slope frequency for the mean and peak frequencies. The largest frequency slope and dispersion was found for a window length of 50 ms without overlap using peak frequency. A combination of 250 ms with 50% of overlap reduced the dispersion both for peak, median, and mean frequency, but decreased the slope frequency. Therefore, the selection of STFT parameters during dynamic contractions should be accompanied by a mechanical measure of the task failure, and its parameters should be adjusted according to the experiment's requirements.Rupture to wrist ligaments predisposes the joint to degenerative changes. Scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) rupture, especially when compounded by dorsal intercarpal ligament (DIC) and long radiolunate ligament (LRL) disruption, can cause carpal bone kinematic abnormalities. It is essential to delineate the role of these ligaments and their constraints on wrist range-of-motion (ROM) and center of rotation (COR). Wrist ROM and COR location were determined in 9 specimens using a six degree-of-freedom robotic musculoskeletal simulator in 24 directions of wrist motion for four experimental conditions intact, and after sequential sectioning of the SLIL, DIC, and LRL. Sectioning the SLIL alone did not change wrist ROM in any direction (p > 0.10), while sectioning the SLIL and both the DIC and LRL caused significant increases in radial deviation, radial-extension, and ulnar-flexion ROM (p less then 0.05). The COR of the intact wrist was located between the proximal third and middle third of the capitate, depending on the direction of wrist motion. While SLIL sectioning alone did not affect the COR, subsequent DIC sectioning led to a distal shift of COR in motions involving ulnar-extension relative to the intact condition. Additional sectioning of the LRL caused a proximal shift of COR in motions involving radial-flexion. A proximal shift implies a more dominant role of the radiocarpal joint, while a distal shift of the COR implies an increased role for the midcarpal joint. Understanding the role of ligaments on overall wrist mechanics is critical to devising new treatment strategies to restore wrist function.Marine shell wastes were thermally activated and characterized as aragonite and calcite phases and were used in the removal of synthetic anionic dyes, Bright Blue Acid (NB180) and Reactive Red 133 (RR133). Benefited marine shells were classified as low-cost (USD 0.33/g of adsorbent) in comparison with other reported materials. Furthermore, the absence of chemicals in the adsorbent preparation allows its further employment in economic activities. The coexistence of adsorption and exchange-precipitation reaction was responsible for up to 93% of dye removal, whilst the maximum adsorption capacities were 225 mg g-1 for NB180 and 36 mg g-1 for RR133. The observed kinetic behavior of the dye removal by the adsorbent allowed the proposal of a mechanism for dye-adsorbent interaction in liquid-solid interface considering both adsorption and exchange-precipitation reaction. Contribution of the exchange-precipitation reaction in the removal process was quantified as being approximately 75% for NB180 and 25% for RR133. The mathematical model that phenomenologically described the kinetic behavior of the dye removals gave the magnitude order of the kinetic parameters as kads = 8.
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