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Specifically, we compare human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons to directly converted, or transdifferentiated, induced neurons, as both model systems can take advantage of patient-derived human tissue to produce neurons in culture. We present recent technical developments using these two modeling systems, as well as current limitations to these systems, with the aim of advancing investigation of neuropathogenic mechanisms using these models. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.This study investigated the effects of lycopene on the gene expression profile and expression of genes related to fat metabolism of Xinghua breeding hens. Seven hundred and twenty healthy breeding hens were randomly assigned to four treatments; each treatment was replicated six times with 30 hens each. Broken rice and soybean meal were adopted for the basal diet and added with 0 (control group), 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg lycopene respectively. Gene expression profile of the liver induced by lycopene and expression of genes related to fat metabolism in hens liver and intestine were analysed after 42-day feeding trial including 7-day pre-feeding period and 35-day formal period. The genes involved in fat metabolism were analysed, and we found that lycopene significantly increased the expression of PGC1α, PPARα, RXRα and RARα in the liver, PPARγ, RXRα and RXRγ in the jejunum, and RARα in the duodenum (p less then .05); reduced the expression of FABP1 and FABP10 in the liver, and FATP4 in the jejunum (p less then .05). By analysing gene expression profile, 158 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 69 up-regulated genes and 89 down-regulated genes were obtained between control group and 40 mg/kg group. KEGG pathway analysis was performed on all DEGs, and 5 pathways were obtained. In conclusion, lycopene can affect the expression of related genes, and this may be one of the reasons that lycopene can regulate fat metabolism. © 2020 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.ET-26 hydrochloride (ET-26HCl), a novel analog of etomidate, induces as effective sedation, with good cardiac and respiratory stability, as etomidate but with mild adrenocortical suppression. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential adverse effects of ET-26HCl in rats. In a single-dose toxicity study, abnormal urine color (red) was observed in all groups control (100%), 8 mg/kg (10%), 16 mg/kg (50%), and 20 mg/kg (70%) ET-26HCl, which returned to normal on the day of dosing. There were no mortalities or serious toxicological signs; the maximum tolerable dose of ET-26HCl was 20 mg/kg. In the repeated-dose toxicity study, deaths occurred in the 12- (13.33% of males) and 16-mg/kg/day (20% of males and 3.33% of females) groups. Abnormal urine color (red or brown) was detected in the control group (10%) and all treatment groups (30%, 46.67%, and 40% at 8, 12 and 16 mg/kg/day, respectively), at a frequency of 1.43% in the control group, 4.76% in 8 mg/kg/day, 7.62% in 12 mg/kg/day, and 4.29% in 16 mg/kg/day. Increases in neutrophils and plasma fibrinogen were temporary and recoverable effects. Macroscopic and histopathologic changes were found only at the injection sites abnormal skin color, scabbing, thrombus, ulceration, and inflammation. During the recovery period, there was evidence of reversibility, including fibroblast proliferation and vessel recanalization. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of ET-26HCl was 8 mg/kg/day. Toxicokinetic variables of ET-26HCl, except the calculated initial concentration in females on Day 1, showed a dose-dependent increase to exposure, with no gender difference and no evidence of accumulation. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.BACKGROUND/AIM Wearing a mouthguard reduces the risk of sports-related injuries, but the material and thickness of the mouthguard have a substantial impact on its effectiveness and safety. The aim of this study was to establish a thermoforming technique in which the model position is moved just before formation to suppress the reduction in thickness. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of model height and model moving distance on mouthguard thickness. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethylene-vinyl acetate sheets of 4.0 mm thick and a vacuum forming machine were used. Three hard plaster models were trimmed so that the height of the anterior teeth was 25 mm, 30 mm and 35 mm. Model position (MP) was 40 mm from the front of the forming unit. The sheet was softened until it sagged 15 mm, after which the sheet frame was lowered to cover the model. The model was then pushed from behind to move it forward, and the vacuum was switched on. The model was moved at distances of 20 mm, 25 mm or 30 mm whereas a control model was not moved. Thickness after formation was measured with a specialized caliper. Differences in mouthguard thickness due to model height and moving distance were analysed by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's multiple comparison tests. RESULTS Sheet thickness decreased as the model height increased. Each MP condition was significantly thicker than the control in each model. There was no significant difference among MP conditions except for the buccal surface. CONCLUSIONS Moving the model forward by 20 mm or more just before formation is useful to secure the labial thickness of the mouthguard. This thermoforming technique increased the thickness by 1.5 times or more compared with the normal forming method, regardless of model height. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND Individual contextual factors like gestational age (GA) or previous painful experiences have an influence on neonates' pain responses and may lead to inaccurate pain assessment when not appropriately considered. OBJECTIVES We set out to determine the influence of individual contextual factors on variability in pain response in neonates, measured with the modified Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates (BPSN), and, if necessary, to incorporate relevant individual factors into a revised version of the BPSN. METHODS We videotaped 154 full-term and preterm neonates of different GAs during 1-5 capillary heel sticks in their first 14 days of life. For each heel stick we produced three video sequences baseline, heel stick, and recovery. The randomized sequences were rated on the BPSN by five blinded nurses. Individual contextual factors were retrospectively extracted from patient charts and from the video recordings. AZD3965 mouse We analysed the data in single and multiple linear mixed models. RESULTS Premature birth (b = -0.
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