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were applied (i.e., exclusion of cows culled before 100 and 305 DIM, respectively), however, mid- and late-lactation lame cows maintained high levels of significant losses for all 6 variables analyzed. Lameness also led to higher levels of culling, masking losses for transition and early-lactation lame cows in the 305-DIM analysis. Increasing producer understanding of the costs associated with lameness not only serves to provide insight to producers for more informed culling decisions, but may also help producers weigh the costs of adopting new methods and technologies targeted at reducing on-farm lameness.Numerous statistical machine learning methods suitable for application to highly correlated features, as those that exist for spectral data, could potentially improve prediction performance over the commonly used partial least squares approach. Milk samples from 622 individual cows with known detailed protein composition and technological trait data accompanied by mid-infrared spectra were available to assess the predictive ability of different regression and classification algorithms. The regression-based approaches were partial least squares regression (PLSR), ridge regression (RR), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), elastic net, principal component regression, projection pursuit regression, spike and slab regression, random forests, boosting decision trees, neural networks (NN), and a post-hoc approach of model averaging (MA). Several classification methods (i.e., partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), random forests, boosting decision trees, and support vector machines prove the prediction accuracy for some traits.The objective of this study was to evaluate 3 milk replacer (MR) feeding programs on calf performance to 4 mo of age. Male Holstein calves (n = 48; 2-3 d old) were randomly assigned to either a moderate rate of MR (MOD; 0.66 kg/d for 39 d, then 0.33 kg/d for 3 d), an ad libitum rate of MR (ADLIB; offered twice daily between 0630 and 0830 h and between 1430 and 1630 h for 35 d, 0.66 kg/d for 4 d, and 0.33 kg/d for 3 d), or a step-up rate of MR (STEPUP; increased from 0.32 to 0.62 kg/d in first 12 d, 0.66 kg/d for 27 d, and 0.33 kg/d for 3 d). The MR (25% CP, 18% fat) was fed twice daily to d 39 and once daily thereafter. During the nursery phase (0-56 d), calves were housed in individual pens and offered textured starter (40% starch, 21% CP on a DM basis) and water ad libitum. Calf body weight (BW) was measured initially and weekly thereafter. Hip widths (HW) were measured initially and every 2 wk thereafter. In the grower phase, (57-112 d), calves were grouped by previous treatment and moved to group pens (4 calves/pen). The same starter used in the nursery phase was blended with 5% chopped grass hay and offered ad libitum. Calf BW and HW were measured on d 56, 84, and 112. Total MR intake per calf averaged 27, 51, and 25 kg for MOD, ADLIB, and STEPUP programs, respectively, with a range of 42 to 63 kg for ADLIB. In the nursery phase, starter intake and feed efficiency were less for ADLIB versus MOD, whereas fecal scores and abnormal fecal score days were greater for calves fed ADLIB versus MOD. Calves fed STEPUP had lesser average daily gain than calves fed MOD. During the grower phase, initial BW was greater for ADLIB versus MOD, though final BW was not different between MOD and ADLIB or STEPUP. Calves previously fed MOD had greater average daily gain, feed efficiency, and HW change than calves fed ADLIB. In this study, feed efficiency was lower when MR was fed ad libitum, and growth advantages observed at 2 mo were lost by 4 mo of age.There is growing evidence suggesting that by improving gut integrity and function, less energy is partitioned toward immune responses related to xenobiotic infiltration, sparing energy for productive purposes. Gluconic acid and its salts have previously shown prebiotic effects in the lower gut of nonruminant animals, where they serve as a precursor for butyrate, although evidence in ruminants is limited. Butyrate and its fermentative precursors have demonstrated multiple beneficial effects to gastrointestinal ecology, morphology, and function, such as the stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation and improvement of gut barrier function and ecology. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in milk production, milk fatty acid composition, and fecal and blood parameters in lactating dairy cattle fed a hydrogenated fat-embedded calcium gluconate (HFCG) supplement designed to target the hindgut for calcium gluconate delivery. In addition, the effects of a compound feed processing method (i.e., incorpased incorporation of preformed fatty acids, supported by increased circulating nonesterified fatty acid. Future research investigating the mode of action of HFCG at the level of the hindgut epithelium is warranted, as measured fecal parameters showed no response to treatment.The aim of this study was to describe the current management practices that could influence udder health during the dry period and to investigate the associations between management and new high SCC during the dry period. In 2008 the Netherlands started to improve transparency and decrease the use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry. Prevention of new high SCC during the dry period via antimicrobial dry cow treatment (DCT) was no longer allowed in animals with a low SCC before the dry period. An increase of new high SCC during the dry period was expected in dairy cows without antimicrobial protection, but was not observed. In 2018 an online questionnaire was conducted among 1,942 Dutch dairy farms using 12 different veterinary clinics. The questionnaire asked about the management of dry cows at the start of and during the dry period, and around calving, considerations in the use of DCT, and knowledge of the 2012 guidelines for selective DCT. AS-703026 A total of 690 farmers (36%) responded to the questionnaire. Data cow housing other than cubicles and a higher animal-defined daily dose for intramammary antimicrobials for mastitis. This research clearly indicates that farmers can balance limited use of antimicrobials at dry-off with management measures to maintain good udder health during the dry period.
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