Notes

Microbial Membrane-Derived Vesicles Attenuate Vancomycin Exercise towards Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Crop fill rates are measured as an indirect means of assessing management during the brooding phase. Primary breeder guidelines indicate that 95% of the chicks assessed should present a crop that is full, soft, and rounded after 24 h, which indicates chicks have successfully located feed and water. Crop fill progression has received little attention in the scientific literature and is primarily discussed in trade literature, and thus, the dynamic nature of crop fill progression has not been previously characterized. This study examined the role of 2 market weight stocking density treatments (29.3 kg/m2 and 43.9 kg/m2) on performance and crop fill of broilers grown to 14 d. Crop fill progression was observed at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after placement and tracked BW of birds that presented empty crops at 24 h; chicks with empty crops were identified to track postplacement BW. Stocking density had no significant effect on bird performance or crop fill. At 24 h, 86% of birds in this study had full, soft, and rounded crops, while only 3% of birds had crops that were devoid of food or water at 24 h. BW for birds with empty crops was significantly lower at 7 d (P = 0.006) but not at 14 d (P = 0.535). The data herein indicate that crop fill rates of 95% or higher at 24 h may be difficult to achieve in typical commercial broiler settings. In addition, assessing crop fill may be a useful tool to diagnose conspicuous management problems during brooding, but it does not appear to be a direct predictor of early performance.Tibetan chickens are descendants of the ancestral red jungle fowl Gallus gallus. Very little is known about pathogens in Tibetan chickens living in the high-altitude environment. Here, we report for the first time the detection and isolation of avian leukosis virus from Tibetan chickens, with all the avian leukosis virus-positive samples belonging to subgroup J. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence revealed these viruses were in a new branch compared with previous reports. The 3'-end of the pol gene in the new strains showed 8-amino acid deletion, with 2 strains displaying a large-scale deletion in the hr2 region of gp85 protein. Among all the strains, several mutations in the primer binding site leader sequence and untranslated region, which came from Rous-associated virus, were identified. It is interesting that some of these mutations may have contributed to the competitive advantages to these isolates as observed from their increased replication in vitro. These results indicated that the virus isolates from Tibetan chickens can have competitive advantage over the other strains circulating in the poultry population in future.This study evaluated the effects of high phytase doses and soybean meal (SBM) with different CP content on growth performance, ileal nutrient digestibility, digestible energy, plasmatic myo-inositol, phosphate release in vitro, and bone composition of broiler chickens. One thousand two hundred 1-day-old broilers were distributed in a 2 × 2 completely randomized factorial arrangement, with 2 phytase doses (1,000 and 2,500 phytase units [FYT]/kg of feed) and 2 SBM with different CP concentrations (45 and 47%), totaling 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 25 birds each. The chickens received feed and water ad libitum. Diets were based on corn and SBM, with different inclusions of soybean hull used to dilute the CP content of SBM according to each treatment. The inclusion of 2,500 FYT increased weight gain from 0 to 21 d (P less then 0.05), whereas growth performance from 22 to 42 d was not affected, and SBM had no effect on growth performance. At day 21, ileal digestibility of dry matter, ash, and P, and digestible energy were greater in diets with 2,500 FYT/kg (P less then 0.05), as well as phosphate in vitro release (P less then 0.01) compared to the lower dose. At day 42, diets with SBM 47% CP and 2,500 FYT/kg promoted greater digestibility of dry matter, ash, CP, Ca, P, and digestible energy (P less then 0.001), and greater phosphate release (P less then 0.05) in comparison to other treatments. myo-inositol level in the plasma at 21 and 42 d was higher with the use of 2,500 FYT compared to 1,000 FYT (P less then 0.05). The higher phytase dose increased tibia ash, toe ash, and Seedor Index (P less then 0.05) at day 21, and the Ca content in tibia was higher with 2,500 FYT and SBM 47% CP at day 42. In conclusion, higher phytase doses for broilers improve weight gain, myo-inositol provision, and bone mineral composition. Nutrient ileal digestibility can be enhanced by higher phytase doses when in combination with SBM of greater nutritional quality.This study was conducted to investigate the individual and combined effects of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and gamma-irradiated Astragalus polysaccharides (IAPS) on the growth performance and intestinal mucosal barrier function of broiler chickens. A total of 240 1-day-old Ross-308 chicks were allocated into 5 groups for 21 d control group (basal diet), antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) group (basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg chlortetracycline), XOS group (basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg XOS), IAPS group (basal diet supplemented with 600 mg/kg IAPS), and XOS + IAPS group (basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg XOS and 600 mg/kg IAPS). The results showed that birds in the XOS + IAPS group showed higher ADG and lower feed-to-gain ratio than those in the control group (P less then 0.05). The XOS, IAPS, and XOS + IASP treatments significantly increased villus height (VH) of all intestine segments, jejunal goblet cell numbers, and VH-to-crypt depth ratio (VH/CD) of broilers than those of the control grtetracycline substitute for improving the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and intestinal barrier function of broilers.Use of a live coccidiosis vaccine has become an increasingly common method to control coccidiosis, especially in antibiotic-free broiler production. The Inovocox EM1 vaccine (EM1) is recommended for the vaccination of embryonated broiler hatching eggs between 18.0 and 19.0 d of incubation (doi). This allows for earlier acquisition of immunity to wild-type coccidia. However, it is unclear whether the difference in embryo age at the time of in ovo injection can influence the effect of the vaccine during grow-out as well as if the growth performance of broiler chickens is affected. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of 2 injection ages (18.5 and 19.0 doi) and 3 injection types (noninjected, diluent, and vaccine) in a 3 × 2 factorial design, consisting of 10 replicates per treatment (60 treatment-replicate groups). CYT387 There was a significant effect of injection age on BW at 0, 14, and 35 d after hatch, with a difference in the BW of birds belonging to the 18.5 and 19.0 doi groups up to day 35 after hatch.
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