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Changing Intermediate-Stage HCC Treatment inside the Period involving Defense Solutions.
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is a health problem worldwide, both in children and adults. Its spontaneous resolution may occur during early childhood, and then it becomes uncommon. Although most cases are asymptomatic during childhood and adolescence, as adults, patients may progress to cirrhosis and develop complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma. The goal of an effective treatment should be virus elimination, i.e., disease cure. Recently, the emergence of several direct-acting antivirals has enabled a high rate of infection resolution in 97-100 % of cases. To achieve this cost-effective objective, it is critical to raise awareness among pediatricians so that they can detect infected patients and refer them to a pediatric liver specialist for an adequate management.A case series of primary immunodeficiencies is presented and outcome measures associated with survival among patients ≤ 16 years old are described. Diagnoses were made based on the criteria by the International Union of Immunological Societies. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Between 2004 and 2019, 40 patients were diagnosed with primary immunodeficiencies. The most common were immunodeficiencies affecting humoral and cell-mediated immunity (32.5 %) and predominantly antibody deficiencies (32.5 %). The median age at the onset of symptoms and at the time of diagnosis was 3.01 and 10.4 months, respectively. Thirty-five percent of patients died, and the risk was higher among those with immunodeficiencies affecting humoral and cell-mediated immunity and those who developed clinical manifestations and were diagnosed in the first 6 months of life.
The reduction in the number of visits to health care centers since the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic may affect mandatory vaccination.

To assess the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the administration of the pentavalent and the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccines to children younger than 2 years at the vaccination center of a children's hospital in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires.

Cross-sectional study using the vaccination center's digital records from January to May 2019 and 2020. Results. In the second fortnight of March 2020, vaccinations dropped by 64.2 %. When examining the first dose of the pentavalent and MMR vaccines, such reduction was 74.9 % and 55.1 %, respectively.

As of the second fortnight of March 2020, vaccinations dropped by 64.2 % compared to the same period of the previous year.
As of the second fortnight of March 2020, vaccinations dropped by 64.2 % compared to the same period of the previous year.
Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) is a blood product from polyvalent and polyclonal immunoglobulin G. It covers a broad range of indications as immunomodulator or replacement therapy. In addition, although it is considered a safe therapy, the incidence of adverse reactions reported in the bibliography ranges from 1 % to 81 %. The objective of this study was to assess IVIG use and describe related adverse events in a tertiary care children's hospital.

This was a pharmacoepidemiological, observational, and prospective study. Patients receiving IVIG for 7 months in 6 areas of a tertiary care children's hospital in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires were assessed. The analysis unit was each IVIG infusion, and the main variable was the presence of adverse reactions.

A total of 305 infusions in 111 patients were analyzed. In 81.6 % of cases, the indication was for replacement. The maximum dose was 1 g/kg. In 99.6 % of infusions, some type of premedication was indicated; diphenhydramine was the most common drug, with varying dosages. A total of 12 adverse reactions (3.9 % of infusions) were recorded; 3 were severe aseptic meningitis (2 cases) and seizures (1 case). All resolved to normal.

The rate of IVIG adverse reactions in our setting was low; most reactions were mild and immediate and resolved favorably in all patients.
The rate of IVIG adverse reactions in our setting was low; most reactions were mild and immediate and resolved favorably in all patients.
There is evidence of the beneficial effects of probiotics to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in extremely preterm infants. Probiotic prevention has been used since 2015 in the Division of Neonatology of Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena, Temuco, Chile.

To assess the impact of this probiotic on the incidence, severity, surgical treatment requirement, and fatality rate of necrotizing enterocolitis in extremely preterm infants.

Retrospective, cohort study. Data were analyzed using Stata. Fisher's exact test was used to compare percentages, and the unequal variances t-test, for averages. Infants discharged between 2015 and 2017 received Lactobacillus reuteri Protectis (LRP), in a single dose (1 x 108 colony forming units), since the first days of life until 36 weeks of corrected gestational age. Controls discharged between 2012 and 2014 did not receive LRP.

Some degree of enterocolitis was observed in 3.45 % of cases stage I (64 %), stage II (18 %), stage III (18 %); 18 % required surgery, and there were no deaths. Among historical controls, 3.75 % had enterocolitis stage I (12 %), stage II (35 %), stage III (53 %); 64.7 % required surgery, and 47 % died. In the intervention group, stage II or III accounted for 36 % of cases, whereas in the control group, for 88 %.

Administering a single daily dose of LRP to extremely preterm infants did not affect the incidence of enterocolitis, but reduced its severity, fatality rate, and surgical treatment requirement.
Administering a single daily dose of LRP to extremely preterm infants did not affect the incidence of enterocolitis, but reduced its severity, fatality rate, and surgical treatment requirement.
Social and cultural changes are altering young people's habits. Some surveys measure such behaviors, but are hard to interpret. The objective of this study was to design and validate a homogeneous questionnaire to study habits among adolescents aged 12-14 years.

Descriptive and crosssectional study to validate a questionnaire. Items were selected after a bibliographic review and expert assessment. The pre-test was administered to a pilot sample. CDK inhibition Reliability was established using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and construct validity, using a factor analysis. It was administered to a sample of parents of students from 4 secondary schools.

Cronbach's coefficient showed values close to 0.7 in 3/4 subscales and an overall value of 0.629, showing accuracy and stability. Factor analysis determined an adequate construct validity, with 4 factors eating, physical activity, new technologies, and environment. The final questionnaire included 26 items and was administered to 421 participants. Poor habits were observed in 24.
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