Notes

Important Toxins in Pediatric Calcium Carbonate Preparations-High Throughput Quantification as well as Danger Review.
42; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.67-4.17;
= 0.008) and risperidone group (3.40; 95% CI 0.54-6.25;
= 0.021). Urinary melatonin was significantly decreased in both haloperidol (
= 0.005) and risperidone group (
= 0.014). PSQI score was significantly increased in both haloperidol (
= 0.001) and risperidone group (
= 0.003). Serum GAP-43 was significantly decreased in both haloperidol and risperidone group (
< 0.001). Tanespimycin research buy PANSS decreased significantly in both the groups and there was a significant negative correlation between serum melatonin at 200 hours and PANSS (r = -0.5) at baseline.

Monotherapy with haloperidol and risperidone can achieve symptomatic improvement but cannot improve sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances in schizophrenia.
Monotherapy with haloperidol and risperidone can achieve symptomatic improvement but cannot improve sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances in schizophrenia.
The response to antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia is still unsatisfactory. Therefore, augmentation with other antipsychotics is common in clinical situations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the improvement of psychiatric symptoms and side effects after amisulpride add-on therapy.

Forty patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder without treatment response to second-generation antipsychotics were included in this study. Psychotic symptoms were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Korean version of Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS) at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks after the addition of amisulpride.

Among the 29 subjects who completed the 8-week study, 34.5% were responders according to PANSS total score. At week 8, the mean positive (
< 0.001), negative (
< 0.001), general (
< 0.001), and total (
< 0.001) PANSS scores and CDSS scores (
= 0.002) showed significant improvement compared to baseline. s with schizophrenia unresponsive to second-generation antipsychotics. Further studies investigating the efficacy of amisulpride add-on therapy using placebo control are necessary to confirm these results.
Monocyte to high density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) is a new instrument for giving notice inflammation, which plays a main role in schizophrenia. Thus, in this study, our goal was to investigate the possible association between MHR and schizophrenia.

The participants of this study consisted of 75 schizophrenia patients and 74 healthy individuals (control group). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale was used to collect data from the patient group. Complete blood count parameters and lipid profile were analyzed in all study participants.

The patients with schizophrenia had higher MHR values (15.04 ± 3.31 in schizophrenia patients and 12.62 ± 2.99 in controls;
= 0.001). Monocyte counts and MHR of the schizophrenia patients were significantly higher than the control group. There was a significant and positive correlation between age, body mass index, severity of disease and MHR.

To our knowledge, this study was the first to demonstrate inflammatory markers such as MHR levels in schizophrenia patients. Both monocyte counts and MHR values in schizophrenia patients were higher than the control group. MHR might be an available and useful inflammatory marker to evaluate inflammation in schizophrenia patients.
To our knowledge, this study was the first to demonstrate inflammatory markers such as MHR levels in schizophrenia patients. Both monocyte counts and MHR values in schizophrenia patients were higher than the control group. MHR might be an available and useful inflammatory marker to evaluate inflammation in schizophrenia patients.
The Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) has been used for screening owing to ease of use and brevity. In this study, we developed the Korean version of the PHQ-4 and tested its validity.

One hundred sixteen new adult outpatients at the Department of Psychiatry of the Korea University Ansan Hospital participated in the study. We simultaneously administered other depression/anxiety scales the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory.

The mean PHQ-4 score was 6.52 (standard deviation = 3.45). Cronbach's α was 0.792, and the intraclass correlation coefficient of test and 2-week interval retest was 0.827 (
< 0.01). The Pearson correlation coefficients between the PHQ-4 total score and other depression/anxiety scales were all over 0.6. Confirmatory factorial analysis showed acceptable convergent validity and reliability but questionable discriminant validity for some model fit values.

The Korean version of the PHQ-4 has sufficient internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity, but its two-factor structure showed incompleteness. However, we suggest that it should be used as a brief screening measure for common psychiatric distress that warrants further detailed assessment, but not to separately assess the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms.
The Korean version of the PHQ-4 has sufficient internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity, but its two-factor structure showed incompleteness. However, we suggest that it should be used as a brief screening measure for common psychiatric distress that warrants further detailed assessment, but not to separately assess the severity of depression and anxiety symptoms.
In this study, we evaluated the effect of neonatal ketamine exposure on anxiety-like and exploratory behaviours in adult the Balb/c and C57BL/6 strains of mice which anxiety responses are different.

Ketamine was administered at two different doses single dose (10, 20 mg/kg, 0.1 ml/10 g body weight, intraperitoneally) and repeated doses (10, 20 mg/kg every 240 minutes; thrice times) on the 7th postnatal day to male Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice. In adulthood, open-field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) apparatuses were used to evaluate exploratory and anxiety-like behaviour.

In the C57BL/6 mice, the 20 mg/kg single dose decreased open-arm time and total-arm entries in EPM and increased time of central latency and decreased distance travelled in OF. Both the 10 and 20 mg/kg repetitive doses increased time of central latency and decreased time spent in the centre, frequency of rearing and centre crossing in OF and decreased open-arm time, total-arm entries, number of open-arm entries in EPM. The 20 mg/kg repetitive dose decreased number of head dipping behaviours in EPM.
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