Notes

Multidisciplinary treatments for superior hepatocellular carcinoma with serious arterioportal shunt: in a situation statement.
The aim of our present review is to furnish brief details about the statistics, diagnosis, epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of COVID-19 to assist researchers and the society at large to come to grip with the deadly disease.HighlightsCumbersome outbreak of the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) became a pandemicAt June 19, 2020, as per WHO report 8,618,787 infected cases and 457,275 dead were recorded globallyMajor spread was found to be human to human transmissionsPeople with positive COVID-19 were infected with severe respiratory syndromeMore animal and clinical studies have to be done to overcome this pandemic.
One of the most promising approaches to understand inhalation toxicology and to assess the potential risks of inhaled particles is to examine the disposition of the hazardous airborne particles in the monkey airway. This study presents a comparative, numerical investigation of nanoparticle deposition in the monkey and human airway models.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was applied to analyze the steady flow rates under light and moderate metabolic conditions. The nanoparticles, ranging from 5 to 100 nm in diameter, were used to predict the total and regional deposition fraction in both the models.

The Brownian and turbulent motion significantly impacted the transportation and deposition of nanoparticles as evidenced by the large fluctuations of particle acceleration. A higher deposition efficiency was observed in the monkey model at the particle size of 25 nm or less. Nonetheless, on applying the geometric factors for combined diffusion term parameters, the total deposition fraction of both models converged into a single curve. The site-specific deposition of the particles of size 5 nm in the vestibule, valve, and nasal turbinate regions of the monkey model was observed to be greater compared to the human model. A study of the deposition curves of the particle diameter ranging from 2 nm to 10 µm showed that the highest deposition rates were associated with particles of size 2 nm and 10 µm.

The results of this study can contribute to the research involving extrapolation of inhalation toxicology studies, from monkeys to humans.
The results of this study can contribute to the research involving extrapolation of inhalation toxicology studies, from monkeys to humans.
Various factors can affect incidence of thyroid disorders and disease profiles may show abrupt changes in endemic goitrous areas. In this study, it was aimed to analyze the American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) and the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC) in terms of risk of malignancy and general recommendations in an endemic goiter region (EGR).

In this retrospective study, a total of 500 patients who had thyroidectomy following thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy were enrolled. For the assessment of thyroid cytology, BSRTC was used and for the evaluation of ultrasound features of thyroid nodules, ACR TIRADS lexicon was adopted. For the assessment of thyroid cytology, Bethesda classification was used and for the evaluation of ultrasound features of thyroid nodules, ACR TIRADS lexicon was adopted.

In the EGR setting, benign category of BSRTC had a cancer risk of 6.2% which was two times more than the 2017 BSRTC revision reported. Nodules 10-14.9 mm in diameter had nearly 4 times higher malignancy risk than nodules >15 mm. In this group of patients, the risk of malignancy for TIRADS level 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 was 1.16%, 2.94%, 7%, 45.64% and 94.44%, respectively. learn more The malignancy rates for Bethesda system category I, II, III, IV, V and VI were as follows 14.43%, 6.2%, 19.05%, 36.73%, 75.68% and 100%.

There are slight differences between the common set of standards and this study results regarding risk of malignancy. This brings up the question whether there is need for revision for the use of categories and the appropriate management in endemic goiter regions.
There are slight differences between the common set of standards and this study results regarding risk of malignancy. This brings up the question whether there is need for revision for the use of categories and the appropriate management in endemic goiter regions.
Ocular barriers hinder drug delivery and reduce drug bioavailability. This article focuses on enhancing drug absorption across the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. Both, transporter targeted prodrug formulations and nanomicellar strategy is proven to enhance the drug permeation of therapeutic agents across various ocular barriers. These strategies can increase aqueous drug solubility and stability of many hydrophobic drugs for topical ophthalmic formulations.

The article discusses various ocular barriers, ocular influx, and efflux transporters. It elaborates various prodrug strategies used for enhancing drug absorption. Along with this, the article also describes nanomicellar formulation, its characteristic and advantages, and applications in for anterior and posterior segment drug delivery.

Prodrugs and nanomicellar formulations provide an effective strategy for improving drug absorption and drug bioavailability across various ocular barriers. It will be exciting to see the efficacy of nanomicelles for treating back of the eye disorders after their topical application. This is considered as a holy grail of ocular drug delivery due to the dynamic and static ocular barriers, restricting posterior entry of topically applied drug formulations.
Prodrugs and nanomicellar formulations provide an effective strategy for improving drug absorption and drug bioavailability across various ocular barriers. It will be exciting to see the efficacy of nanomicelles for treating back of the eye disorders after their topical application. This is considered as a holy grail of ocular drug delivery due to the dynamic and static ocular barriers, restricting posterior entry of topically applied drug formulations.
We have summarized and analyzed the clinical trial registration status and the latest research progress of eight major antiviral drugs during the epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which can provide reference methods for clinical formulation of the best antiviral treatment.

We used the generic names of 8 antiviral drugs as keywords to search and analyze the COVID-19-related clinical trials registered in Chinese Clinical Trial Registry and ClinicalTrials.gov. Then, we used the keywords to obtain and summarize their clinical research results related to COVID-19 in CNKI, WANFANG, CQVIP, and PubMed database.

The registration system of clinical trials and the level of clinical trial design need to be further improved. At present, no specific drug has been found for the treatment of COVID-19, the efficacy of antiviral drugs mostly comes from small sample studies or retrospective studies, and the level of clinical evidence is low. Besides, multi-drug combination therapy may become a more effective treatment choice, but the drug interactions and adverse drug reactions also need to be closely monitored.
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