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We develop new estimates of monthly water balance components from 1950 to 2019 for the Laurentian Great Lakes, the largest surface freshwater system on Earth. For each of the Great Lakes, lake storage changes and water balance components were estimated using the Large Lakes Statistical Water Balance Model (L2SWBM). Multiple independent data sources, contributed by a binational community of research scientists and practitioners, were assimilated into the L2SWBM to infer feasible values of water balance components through a Bayesian framework. A conventional water balance model was used to constrain the new estimates, ensuring that the water balance can be reconciled over multiple time periods. The new estimates are useful for investigating changes in water availability, or benchmarking new hydrological models and data products developed for the Laurentian Great Lakes Region. The source code and inputs of the L2SWBM model are also made available, and can be adapted to include new data sources for the Great Lakes, or to address water balance problems on other large lake systems.Symptom expression in psychiatric conditions is often linked to altered threat perception, however how computational mechanisms that support aversive learning relate to specific psychiatric symptoms remains undetermined. We answer this question using an online game-based aversive learning task together with measures of common psychiatric symptoms in 400 subjects. We show that physiological symptoms of anxiety and a transdiagnostic compulsivity-related factor are associated with enhanced safety learning, as measured using a probabilistic computational model, while trait cognitive anxiety symptoms are associated with enhanced learning from danger. We use data-driven partial least squares regression to identify two separable components across behavioural and questionnaire data one linking enhanced safety learning and lower estimated uncertainty to physiological anxiety, compulsivity, and impulsivity; the other linking enhanced threat learning and heightened uncertainty estimation to symptoms of depression and social anxiety. Our findings implicate aversive learning processes in the expression of psychiatric symptoms that transcend diagnostic boundaries.In this study a phosphate-free glass-ceramic porous scaffold was synthesized by a three-step methodology involving slurry preparation, induction of porosity by surfactant-assisted foaming following by freeze-drying and sintering. This inorganic scaffold was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), degradation and bioactivity. Thermal treatment at 750 °C showed two new crystalline phases, combeite and nepheline, into the glassy matrix responsible for its properties. The cell response of the scaffold was also evaluated for using as a bone graft substitute. A commercial Biphasic Calcium Phosphate, BCP, scaffold was assessed in parallel as reference material. Microstructures obtained by SEM showed the presence of macro, meso and microporosity. The glass-ceramic scaffold possesses an interconnected porosity around 31% with a crack-pore system that promote the protein adsorption and cell attachment. Glass-ceramic scaffold with high concentration of calcium ions shows an antimicrobial behavior against Escherichia coli after 24 h of contact. Nepheline phase present in the glass-ceramic structure is responsible for its high mechanical properties being around 87 MPa. Glass-ceramic scaffold promotes greater protein adsorption and therefore the attachment, spreading and osteodifferentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells than BCP scaffold. A higher calcification was induced by glass-ceramic scaffold compared to reference BCP material.Realizing a clinical-grade electronic medicine for peripheral nerve disorders is challenging owing to the lack of rational material design that mimics the dynamic mechanical nature of peripheral nerves. read more Electronic medicine should be soft and stretchable, to feasibly allow autonomous mechanical nerve adaptation. Herein, we report a new type of neural interface platform, an adaptive self-healing electronic epineurium (A-SEE), which can form compressive stress-free and strain-insensitive electronics-nerve interfaces and enable facile biofluid-resistant self-locking owing to dynamic stress relaxation and water-proof self-bonding properties of intrinsically stretchable and self-healable insulating/conducting materials, respectively. Specifically, the A-SEE does not need to be sutured or glued when implanted, thereby significantly reducing complexity and the operation time of microneurosurgery. In addition, the autonomous mechanical adaptability of the A-SEE to peripheral nerves can significantly reduce the mechanical mismatch at electronics-nerve interfaces, which minimizes nerve compression-induced immune responses and device failure. Though a small amount of Ag leaked from the A-SEE is observed in vivo (17.03 ppm after 32 weeks of implantation), we successfully achieved a bidirectional neural signal recording and stimulation in a rat sciatic nerve model for 14 weeks. In view of our materials strategy and in vivo feasibility, the mechanically adaptive self-healing neural interface would be considered a new implantable platform for a wide range application of electronic medicine for neurological disorders in the human nervous system.Ecologists have long argued that higher functioning in diverse communities arises from the niche differences stabilizing species coexistence and from the fitness differences driving competitive dominance. However, rigorous tests are lacking. We couple field-parameterized models of competition between 10 annual plant species with a biodiversity-functioning experiment under two contrasting environmental conditions, to study how coexistence determinants link to biodiversity effects (selection and complementarity). We find that complementarity effects positively correlate with niche differences and selection effects differences correlate with fitness differences. However, niche differences also contribute to selection effects and fitness differences to complementarity effects. Despite this complexity, communities with an excess of niche differences (where niche differences exceeded those needed for coexistence) produce more biomass and have faster decomposition rates under drought, but do not take up nutrients more rapidly.
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