Notes

A new Salivary Odorant-Binding Proteins Mediates Nilaparvata lugens Serving and Host Grow Phytohormone Elimination.
To test in-vitro and in-vivo the Flexor® Vue™ deflecting endoscopic system (FVDES) as a new technology able to improve the removal of residual intrarenal fragments.This is an observational prospective "proof of concept" study performed in patients with renal calculi treated with flexible ureteroscopy and HoYAG laser lithotripsy (f-URS) in Humanitas Research Hospital (Rozzano, Italy). We assessed feasibility, efficacy and safety of FVDES as an in-vivo tool for removing residual fragments after f-URS. The stone-free rate (SFR) at 30 days post-operatively was evaluated using CT. An in-vitro model was developed to evaluate the FVDES when used for this purpose.Eleven patients (M/F ratio 7/4, mean age 63.5 ± 8.3) were treated. The stones were located in the lower calyces and the renal pelvis in 3 and 8 patients, respectively. Mean stone size was 18 ± 3.2 mm. The procedure with FVDES was feasible and effective in all the patients. Mean operative time was 82 ± 13.7 min and median hospitalization was of 1.5 days. The SFR after 90 days was 81% (9/11). We reported no relevant complications (Clavien-Dindo > 2); one patient had fever and was treated with antibiotics. The experimental in-vitro model demonstrated the efficacy of FVDES, allowing the removal of about 90% of fragments.Our study showed that FVDES is effective when used as a tool for retrieval of residual fragments at the end of f-URS. This technology could ensure a complete cleaning of the intrarenal collecting system and represent a safe alternative to basketing.Phylogenetic networks generalize phylogenetic trees, and have been introduced in order to describe evolution in the case of transfer of genetic material between coexisting species. There are many classes of phylogenetic networks, which can all be modeled as families of graphs with labeled leaves. In this paper, we focus on rooted and unrooted level-k networks and provide enumeration formulas (exact and asymptotic) for rooted and unrooted level-1 and level-2 phylogenetic networks with a given number of leaves. We also prove that the distribution of some parameters of these networks (such as their number of cycles) are asymptotically normally distributed. These results are obtained by first providing a recursive description (also called combinatorial specification) of our networks, and by next applying classical methods of enumerative, symbolic and analytic combinatorics.Small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) can be complementary to histological assessment of celiac disease (CD) and serology negative villous atrophy (SNVA). BAY 1000394 CDK inhibitor Determining the severity of disease on SBCE using statistical machine learning methods can be useful in the follow up of patients. SBCE can play an additional role in differentiating between CD and SNVA. De-identified SBCEs of patients with CD and SNVA were included. Probabilistic analysis of features on SBCE were used to predict severity of duodenal histology and to distinguish between CD and SNVA. Patients with higher Marsh scores were more likely to have a positive SBCE and a continuous distribution of macroscopic features of disease than those with lower Marsh scores. The same pattern was also true for patients with CD when compared to patients with SNVA. The validation accuracy when predicting the severity of Marsh scores and when distinguishing between CD and SNVA was 69.1% in both cases. When the proportions of each SBCE class group within the dataset were included in the classification model, to distinguish between the two pathologies, the validation accuracy increased to 75.3%. The findings of this work suggest that by using features of CD and SNVA on SBCE, predictions can be made of the type of pathology and the severity of disease.
Although laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) is considered the best treatment and has the advantages of being minimally invasive for common bile duct (CBD) stones, the choice of T-tube drainage (TTD) or primary duct closure (PDC) after LCBDE is still controversial. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare the superiority of PDC versus TTD after LCBDE for choledocholithiasis.

All potential studies which compare the surgical effects between PDC with TTD were electronically searched for in PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library databases up to November 2019. Data synthesis and statistical analysis were carried out using RevMan 5.3 software.

In total, six randomized controlled trials with 604 patients (307 in the PDC group and 297 in the TTD group) were included in the current meta-analysis. As compared with the TTD group, the pooled data showed that PDC group had shorter operating time (WMD = -24.30; 95% CI = -27.02 to -21.59; p < 0.00001; I
= 0%; p < 0.88), less medical expenditure (WMD = -2255.73; 95% CI = -3330.59 to -1180.86; p < 0.0001; I
= 96%; p < 0.00001), shorter postoperative hospital stay (OR = -2.88; 95% CI = -3.22 to -2.54; p < 0.00001; I
= 60%; p < 0.03), and lower postoperative complications (OR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.31 to 0.78; p = 0.77; I
= 0%; p = 0.003). There were no significant differences between the two groups concerning bile leakage (OR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.36 to 1.53; p = 0.42; I
= 0%; p = 0.90) and retained stones (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.36 to 2.52; p < 0.93; I
= 0%; p < 0.66).

LCBDE with PDC should be performed as a priority alternative compared with TTD for choledocholithiasis.
LCBDE with PDC should be performed as a priority alternative compared with TTD for choledocholithiasis.Paget's disease is a monostotic or polyostotic progressive skeletal disease with a genetic predisposition. The affected bone areas show osseous swelling and often grotesque deformation, chronic pain and fractures. Many cases are asymptomatic for a long time resulting in a late diagnosis. The pathogenesis is still unknown. In addition to a genetic predisposition, viral factors are also discussed. Laboratory tests and imaging are used for diagnosis. The effective principle of medicinal bisphosphonate treatment is to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption and should be initiated early to prevent secondary complications. This article presents the current knowledge about this rare osteological disease.
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